【JACS】利用四方相氟化镥锂实现定向能量传递,打破染料敏化上转换纳米粒子的敏化-钝化权衡并实现发光增强超150倍
【JACS】利用四方相氟化镥锂实现定向能量传递,打破染料敏化上转换纳米粒子的敏化-钝化权衡并实现发光增强超150倍
文章标题:Breaking the Sensitization-Passivation Trade-Off in Dye-Sensitized Upconversion Nanoparticles through LiLuF4-Enabled Directional Energy Transfer
文章作者:Jiaze Wu, Joshua Fung-A-Fat, Weixiang Ben, Liping Song, Shupei Yu, Weichu Xu, Niko Hildebrandt, Kai Huang, Gang Han

研究动因:背向能量传递与表面耗散的双重瓶颈
在近红外生物成像与光子学领域,通过表面修饰高吸收截面的有机染料构建染料敏化上转换纳米粒子是提升发光效率的主流方向。然而,该体系面临深层次的物理权衡困境:在传统的六方相基质中,提高敏化剂镱离子浓度以构建高效能量中继时,会加剧激活剂铒离子向镱离子的背向能量传递,导致绿光发射能级猝灭,使得镱离子掺杂浓度被严格限制在20%~30% 以下;同时,高掺杂还会诱发激发能向表面猝灭剂迁移的双向表面耗散,若使用全惰性壳层钝化又会隔绝染料与发光核之间的能量传输。为此,本研究旨在攻克高浓度铒-镱体系中背向能量传递与敏化-钝化无法兼顾的难题,设计兼具抑制浓度猝灭与定向能量汇聚的新型纳米结构,为高效近红外绿光上转换及微量分子识别提供全新的材料设计范式。

Fig.1 Schematic of the topological engineering of directional energy-transfer networks in LiYbF4 @LiLu1–xYbxF4@LiLu1–yNdyF4 core–shell–shell UCNPs creating an ion-rich energy transfer highway to break concentration quenching and surface dissipation for efficient dye-sensitized upconversion (BET: back-energy-transfer).
研究实施方案与关键实验结果
整体研究采用晶格工程与壳层拓扑设计协同路线,构建了“理论计算预测—材料外延合成—光谱机制验证—传感应用拓展”的闭环。研究首次提出利用四方相氟化镥锂晶格替换传统六方相基质,并设计了三层递变拓扑结构:高掺杂核@镱离子中间壳@钕离子外壳。其物理机制在于利用四方相中较少且间距更长的配位环境抑制背向能量传递,同时利用外层钕离子捕获染料能量并天然抵抗表面猝灭,再经由中间镱离子层单向导入核区,构建了染料 → 钕离子(外壳) → 镱离子(中间壳) → 镱/铒离子(核)的单向能量高速公路。
实验采用密度泛函理论与蒙特卡洛模拟评估离子配位及能量迁移概率,结果显示四方相基质中铒离子向首层镱离子的德克斯特加权可达性较传统六方相基质降低约2.2倍,且界面镱离子向核区单向迁移终止概率大于0.94。在实验合成中,透射电镜证实各梯度壳层外延生长良好。光谱测试表明,四方相纳米核在镱离子浓度提升至98% 时仍能保持低掺杂状态下55% 的发光寿命(传统基质仅保留11%);在三层拓扑结构中,钕离子含量达80% 时仍能保留70% 以上的基质发光。在808纳米激发下,优化后的三层纳米粒子实现了比传统低掺杂敏化核超过150倍的绿光上转换发光增强,比全惰性壳层对照组提升约10倍。
在应用验证流程中,研究团队将该纳米粒子表面修饰具有硫醇反应活性的花菁染料,用于区分邻位、间位和对位巯基苯甲酸同分异构体。反应中分析物与染料发生亲核取代使其吸收峰红移至808纳米,从而“开启”上转换发光。由于不同构型空间位阻的微小差异被上转换非线性过程放大,在1微克/毫升(约1个百万分比浓度)的极低浓度下反应24小时后,邻位、间位与对位异构体分别展现出约2倍、6倍和10倍的阶梯式发光增强,实现了高选择性的微量化学异构体分辨。

Fig.2 LiLu1–xYbxF4 suppresses BET and enables ion-rich energy-transfer highway for efficient dye-sensitized upconversion. (a) Schematic of the ion-rich energy-transfer highway in dye-sensitized LiLu1–xYbxF4 UCNPs. (b) TEM images of LiLu1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ doping. (c) Er3+ coordinated by Yb3+ in sites in the LiLuF4 and NaYF4 crystal lattice. (d) Normalized spectra comparing the ∼550 nm and ∼540 nm emission in LiLu1–xYbxF4 and NaY1–xYbxF4 UCNPs. (e) Energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+; the bold black arrows denote BET from Er3+ to Yb3+. (f) Normalized spectra of LiLuF4 ,Er with different concentrations of Yb3+ doping. (g) Red/green peak ratio in LiLu1–xYbxF4 and NaY1–xYbxF4 UCNPs with different concentrations of Yb3+ doping. Enhanced excitability (h) and maximal enhanced excitability (i) of dye-sensitized UCL in LiLu1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ doping. Spectra (j) and the intensity of the green emission (k) of NaY1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ doping after inert shell coating

Fig.3 Active shell to enhance the energy transfer and to block the surface dissipation for efficient dye-sensitized upconversion. (a) TEM images of LiYbF4<2>2>%Er@LiLu1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ in the shell layer (0%, 20%, 40%, 70%, and 100% from left to right). Enhanced excitability (b) and maximal enhanced excitability (c) of LiYbF4<2>2>%Er@LiLu1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ in the shell layer. Spectra (d) of LiYbF4<2>2>%Er@LiLu1–xYbxF4 with different concentrations of Yb3+ in the shell layer. (e) Schematic of blocking the surface dissipation by Nd doping. Spectra (f), dye-sensitized upconversion spectra (g), and relative intensity (h) of LiYbF4<2>2>%Er@LiLu1–yNdyF4 with different concentrations of Nd3+ in the shell layer.
Fig.4 Ion-rich directional energy transfer network in LiYbF4 @LiLu0.3Yb0.7F4@LiLu1–xNdxF4core–shell–shell UCNPs for efficient dye-sensitized upconversion. (a) TEM images of LiYbF4 @LiLu0.3Yb0.7F4@LiLu1–xNdxF4 with different concentrations of Nd3+ doping (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% from left to right). (b) Schematic of creating one-direction ion-rich energy transfer highway for efficient dye-sensitized upconversion. Spectra (c), enhanced excitability (d), and dye-sensitized upconversion spectra (e) of LiYbF4 @LiLu0.3Yb0.7F4@LiLu1–xNdxF4 with different concentrations of Nd3+ doping. (f) Spectra comparing the dye-sensitized upconversion in optimized core–shell–shell UCNPs with that of the core UCNPs at conventional low doping concentration.

Fig.5 Dye-sensitized upconversion as a sensitive chemical sensor. (a) Schematic of dye-sensitized upconversion to differentiate subtle differences in isomers. (b) Absorption spectra of IR-783 mixed with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and its isomers. (c) Dye-sensitized upconversion spectra of IR-783-decorated UCNPs mixed with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and its isomers after standing for 24 h. (d) Luminescence enhancement of IR-783-decorated UCNPs mixed with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and its isomers over time.
核心创新与性能提升
本文的核心创新在于突破了传统六方相氟化物体系的局限,提出了基于四方相氟化镥锂晶格与钕/镱梯度壳层拓扑设计的协同策略,成功解决了高镱掺杂下的背向能量传递与染料敏化界面的双向表面耗散问题。性能上实现了98%超高镱离子核心掺杂、发光强度超150倍的巨幅提升,以及1微克/毫升痕量异构体的精确“开启型”光学分辨,精准回应并化解了传统体系的发光与钝化矛盾。论文同时指出,当前体系的染料-无机界面在持续光照下的光稳定性仍有待进一步改善,这将是未来染料敏化体系的重要演进方向。
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