【Adv.Mater.】中科大龚兴龙等|基于水溶性牺牲模具3D打印的高性能力致发光结构:实现冲击力削减60%与发光强度提升89%的双重突破
【Adv.Mater.】中科大龚兴龙等|基于水溶性牺牲模具3D打印的高性能力致发光结构:实现冲击力削减60%与发光强度提升89%的双重突破
文章标题:Versatile Sacrificial Mold‐Assisted 3D Printing for High‐Performance Mechanoluminescent Structures Toward Impact Protection and Visualization Monitoring 文章作者:Shilong Duan, Min Sang, Shuai Liu, Tongxin Nie, Zhihao Hu, Purun Wang, Jiajun Yu, Zhentao Zhang, Yang Wang, Xinglong Gong 文章链接:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.74840

核心主旨与研究背景
力致发光材料是一类非常神奇的自发光材料,它不需要任何外接电源或复杂的电路支持,只要受到拉伸、挤压、摩擦或碰撞等机械外力刺激,就能直接把机械能转化为肉眼可见的光信号。这种能够实现实时、零功耗、原位力学成像的特性,使其在人机交互、可穿戴电子皮肤、结构健康监测与无损探伤等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。
然而,现阶段该领域面临着严峻的结构制造与力学性能瓶颈。传统力致发光材料大多被制备成结构单调的实心扁平薄膜,在受到较小形变时发光非常微弱,且难以贴合复杂曲面;一旦遭遇剧烈的冲击碰撞,均质的实心薄膜缺乏足够的缓冲与能量耗散机制,极易发生机械破坏而失效。为了突破这一瓶颈,学术界尝试通过直接墨水书写等3D打印技术构建复杂的三维多孔或吸能架构。但是,复合发光油墨在挤出成型时往往需要加入大量流变改性剂,在固化过程中极易发生严重的材料蠕变和尺寸塌陷;而传统的机械脱模技术又难以脱出高深宽比、内部镂空的复杂三维微结构。如何在保证微观发光活性的同时,高精度、高保真地制造出兼具高抗冲击防护与高灵敏视觉监测的三维力致发光构件,成为了该领域亟待解决的核心难题。
核心创新与制造策略
针对上述制造与性能痛点,研究团队提出了一种通用且环保的水溶性牺牲模具辅助间接3D打印策略。该方法不再直接对复杂的发光复合材料进行难以控制的直写成型,而是巧妙地通过熔融沉积建模技术,先将水溶性聚乙烯醇(PVA)打印成预先设计好的高精度外壳模具;随后,将铜掺杂硫化锌与聚二甲基硅氧烷(ZnS
这一间接成型策略不仅打破了传统成型对发光油墨流变特性的苛刻限制,还可以灵活构建薄壁空心球、三周期极小曲面以及负泊松比微结构等复杂拓扑构型。更为关键的是,研究团队在洗脱获得的负泊松比发光骨架(NPR-ML)空隙中,通过气动直写技术二次填充纯弹性体PDMS,构建出一种全新的互穿网络复合结构(NPR-ML/PDMS)。这种体积填充构型巧妙解决了单纯空心多孔支架在反复受力时局部应力过大、易坍塌失稳的问题,实现了发光骨架与基体在受力过程中的协同变形。

Fig.1 Fabrication and characterization of ZnS /PDMS structures. (a) Schematic of the fabrication process and ML mechanism of NPR-ML/PDMS composites, illustrating pore-gap formation and triboelectric charge generation (q+/q−) at the ZnS interfaces under mechanical deformation. (b) Optical image of 2D planar ML films. (c,d) Optical images of representative 3D hollow architectures, including thin-walled structures, hollow spherical structures, and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) geometries. (e) Two NPR-ML structures with different sizes, demonstrating the tunability of structural dimensions. (f) Cross-sectional SEM image showing the interface morphology between the ZnS /PDMS skeleton and infiltrated PDMS matrix. (g) SEM and corresponding EDS elemental mapping of the ZnS /PDMS composite, indicating uniform ZnS phosphor dispersion in the PDMS matrix. (h,i) ML, PL emission spectra and corresponding CIE chromaticity coordinates of the ZnS /PDMS composite.
力学-发光定量关联机制与二维性能优化
为了从物理本质上指导结构设计,研究团队结合数字图像相关(DIC)全场应变测量技术与有限元模拟,深入揭示了局部应变场与力致发光强度场之间的定量映射规律。研究发现,当发光薄膜受拉伸时,发光强度与所受应变呈现出高度正相关(决定系数高达 ),并且对加载应变率高度敏感——当拉伸应变率从 提高到 时,发光强度大幅跃升了 9.6倍,而材料本身的弹性模量和拉伸强度却基本保持不变,证实了应变速率是独立触发发光响应的关键物理参量。
基于对带孔试样应力集中效应的DIC定量解析,局部应变增强区域与发光亮点在空间坐标上展现出极高的吻合度,相对配准误差小于 1%,孔边局部发光强度是远场区域的 2.56倍,与该区域应变放大的 2.51倍 几乎完全一致(偏差仅 2%)。受到该应力放大机制的启发,团队设计了一种含规律圆孔阵列的二维多孔发光薄膜并进行了PDMS二次填充。在 10% 的微小宏观拉伸应变下,该多孔结构凭借孔边缘的局部应变放大作用,使其发光强度相比传统实心薄膜直接提升了 30%;同时,柔性PDMS的应力均化作用使其断裂伸长率提升了 31%、断裂强度大幅提升了 153%,在 20% 应变下经历 5000次 循环拉伸释放后发光性能依旧稳定,展现出优异的疲劳耐久性。

Fig.2 ML performance and stretch evolution of 2D ZnS /PDMS films. (a) ML spectra of the ZnS /PDMS films at different dynamic strains at a constant strain rate of 0.3 s−1. The inset shows the intensity variation with the dynamic strain. (b) ML spectra of ZnS /PDMS films at different strain rates. The inset shows the ML intensity variation as a function of strain rate. (c) Stress-strain curves of ZnS /PDMS films at strain rates ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 s−1. (d) Optical image sequence during the tensile process at a strain rate of 0.05 s−1. (e) Variation of tensile stress and ML intensity with tensile strain under the same strain rate. (f) Real-time evolution of ML signals during crack propagation.
三维负泊松比结构的冲击防护与可视化监测协同
在三维空间尺度下,研究团队将该制备策略延伸至具有负泊松比(即受压时横向收缩的超常力学特性,又称拉胀结构)的吸能复合结构中。在遭遇动态冲击碰撞时,常规正泊松比骨架受压横向膨胀,会削弱骨架与填充基体之间的约束;而负泊松比骨架在受到轴向压缩和冲击时会主动向内收缩,对内部填充的PDMS产生强烈的横向侧限束缚,激发出极强的协同承载与能量耗散能力。
在动态落锤冲击实验中(落锤质量 530 g,冲击能量 1.56 J):
- 冲击力缓冲削减:未受保护的硬质平台上瞬间产生了 3.56 kN 的破坏性冲击力;而引入三维负泊松比复合结构后,峰值冲击力被急剧衰减至 0.33 kN,实现了高达 91% 的绝大部分能量卸载。即便与传统实心块状发光复合材料相比,该结构也将峰值冲击力降低了 60%,并在不同能量冲击下使峰值加速度显著降低了 16.4% 至 22.1%。
- 发光显示性能倍增:在受冲击瞬间,负泊松比骨架强烈的应力集中与界面摩擦电荷转移被充分激发,其发光对比度()达到 42.5,相比均质实心材料提升了 89%;在低高度(20 cm)落锤冲击下,发光强度增幅更是达到了 108%。
- 原料消耗大幅降低:通过微结构设计,该构件中的发光骨架相比同体积实心构件减少了 65.7% 的发光粉体用量,在大幅降低昂贵发光材料消耗的同时,达成了“防冲击”与“高敏发光”的协同增效,并在 2.08 J 能量的 10次 连续冲击下未出现任何结构性损伤。

Fig.3 Quantitative mapping between ML field and strain field. (a) Schematic diagram of full-field analysis via DIC during tensile testing. (b) ML distribution of the circular-hole ML film during the stretching process. (c) ML intensity and DIC/FEA strain field distributions of the circular-hole ML film under identical strain conditions. (d) Finite element analysis of stress distribution in P-ML/PDMS and ZnS /PDMS structures under tensile loading. (e) ML spectra of P-ML/PDMS and ZnS /PDMS composites under 10% strain. (f,h) Luminance of the P-ML/PDMS film during 5 000 cycles of stretch-release at a maximum strain of 20%, with a strain rate 0.5 s−1. (g) Photographs and FEA-simulated stress distribution of P-ML/PDMS film during stretching.

Fig.4 Compressive strength and impact resistance of 3D NPR-ML/PDMS composites. (a) Schematic of the compression process for NPR-ML/PDMS composites. (b) Force-displacement curves of NPR-ML/PDMS, PPR-ML/PDMS, NPR-ML, and PPR-ML structures. (c) Force-displacement curves of NPR-ML/PDMS under 100 compression cycles. (d) Schematic illustration of the dynamic impact test for NPR-ML/PDMS. (e) Force-time curves of the unprotected reference platform (ref), NPR-ML/PDMS, and PPR-ML/PDMS. (f) Peak forces of NPR-ML/PDMS and PPR-ML/PDMS under varying impact energies. Data are presented as the means ± SDs from n = 3 independent samples. (g) Acceleration-time curves of NPR-ML/PDMS and PPR-ML/PDMS. (h) Peak accelerations of NPR-ML/PDMS and PPR-ML/PDMS under different impact energies. (i) Deformation snapshots of NPR-ML/PDMS and PPR-ML/PDMS during impact loading.
策略普适性拓展与刚性承载结构应力原位表征
更为重要的是,这种水溶性牺牲模具成型方案具有极强的材料通用性,并不局限于柔性硅胶基体,可无缝推广至热固性环氧树脂和丙烯酸树脂等刚性承载体系中。
研究团队成功制造了包含圆孔阵列、正泊松比蜂窝以及负泊松比内凹蜂窝等多种刚性发光构件。在压缩破坏测试中,负泊松比刚性环氧树脂结构的压缩吸能容量达到 1.39 J,是正泊松比蜂窝结构(0.45 J)的 3倍以上。更为直观的是,发光图谱直接揭示了两者失效机制的本质差异:正泊松比蜂窝在受压时发光集中在与压缩方向呈 45° 的剪切滑移带上,表明此处剪切应力集中并诱发了早期破坏;而负泊松比蜂窝的发光信号呈现高度轴向均匀分布,有效抑制了局部应力集中。类似现象在基于稀土掺杂硫氧化物(CaZnOS

Fig.5 Impact visualization and enhancement mechanism of NPR-ML/PDMS. (a) Schematic of the ML intensity acquisition system under impact loading. (b) ML spectra of NPR-ML/PDMS under different impact heights. (c) Variation of ML intensity with impact energy. FEA-simulated stress distribution of (d) NPR-ML and (e) NPR-ML/PDMS under compression. (f) Sequential images illustrating the mechanical and optical responses of bulk ZnS /PDMS and NPR-ML/PDMS under a 30 cm drop height. (g) ML display of NPR-ML/PDMS and PPR-ML/PDMS under drop heights of 20, 40, and 60 cm.

Fig.6 Versatility and customizability of the sacrificial mold strategy. (a) Optical image of ZnS/CaZnOS +/ER composite film structure. (b,c) Photographs of PPR-ZCO /ER and NPR-ZCO /ER composites and corresponding luminescence images under UV irradiation. (d) Sequential images showing the optical response of ZnS/CaZnOS +/ER composites with circular holes during stretching process, along with the corresponding FEA results. (e) Force-displacement curves of PPR-ZCO /ER and NPR-ZCO /ER. (f,g) ML characteristics of PPR-ZCO /ER and NPR-ZCO /ER structures under loading, with corresponding (i,ii) ML images and (iii) finite element simulation results.
研究局限与未来展望
尽管该工作在复杂结构制造与多功能集成方面取得了突破,但从工程规模化应用角度来看,仍存在一定的优化空间与待解决的问题。首先,PVA模具打印与后续的水溶洗脱过程需要一定的时间周期,在面对大批量、快节拍工业生产时,制造效率仍有待进一步提升;其次,材料在极其严苛的恶劣环境(如超低温、极高湿或持续强酸碱腐蚀介质)下的长期界面结合稳定性与发光衰减特性,仍需建立更长周期、更系统化的服役评估体系。
未来的研究工作将主要围绕进一步优化增材制造工艺、探索更多功能性发光填料与自修复聚合物基体的结合展开,并有望将该类结构进一步集成至高速碰撞吸能装甲、航空航天构件损伤原位预警、智能机器人触觉感知以及复杂工程装备的实时应力全场监测等前沿领域中。
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