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【Biomaterials】通过“点击”偶联双响应荧光信号解码肾损伤中活性氧与活性硫的失衡

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【Biomaterials】通过“点击”偶联双响应荧光信号解码肾损伤中活性氧与活性硫的失衡

【Biomaterials】通过“点击”偶联双响应荧光信号解码肾损伤中活性氧与活性硫的失衡#

文章标题A new biomaterial and molecular imaging platform: Click-coupled dual-responsive fluorescent signaling for deciphering the ROS-RSS imbalance in kidney injury 文章作者:Yongchuang Li, Haiyue Liu, Songhan Liu, Fangjun Huo, Bengang Xing, Caixia Yin 文章链接https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124514

Scheme.1 (A) Rational design and reaction mechanism of CY-LS. (B) Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. (C) Kidney injury-related pathways.

核心主旨与研究背景#

肾脏作为人体内部精密的“净化工厂”,承担着从血液过滤到内分泌调节的多重核心功能。一旦肾脏发生损伤,极其容易引发一系列链式反应甚至多器官衰竭,对重症或慢性病患者构成重大威胁。在复杂的发病机制中,细胞铁死亡(一种由铁催化的脂质过氧化导致的细胞程序性死亡)被证实是驱动急性与慢性肾损伤发生和恶化的核心机制。在铁死亡的演变过程中,细胞内部的氧化还原稳态会被严重破坏:一方面是具有抗氧化保护作用的还原性物质谷胱甘肽(GSH)被大量消耗 depletion,导致抗氧化防御系统崩溃;另一方面是强氧化性的活性氧/活性氮物质过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)瞬间爆发,破坏细胞膜完整性。

如果将铁死亡比作一场破坏细胞的“火灾”,那么抗氧化保护系统中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)就像是灭火剂,而具有强氧化性的过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)则是纵火者。过往的研究往往只能单独追踪某一种氧化或还原分子,无法实时监控这种“灭火剂减少”与“纵火者增加”同步发生的动态过程。因此,开发能够同时、实时、原位监测谷胱甘肽(GSH)与过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)两种核心分子动态变化的双响应成像工具,对于解码肾损伤的病理机制以及实现早期精准干预具有极其重要的临床与科研价值。

探针设计创新与合成机制#

为了解决单一分子追踪无法呈现完整氧化还原失衡网路的痛点,研究团队基于“点击化学”组装策略,设计并合成了一款名为 CY-LS 的双响应荧光探针平台。该探针的核心突破在于实现了对还原性分子谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化性分子过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)的互不干扰、双通道同步检测,并具备优异的生物相容性与组织穿透能力。

在分子结构设计上,探针引入了具有良好水溶性的聚乙二醇(PEG)链作为连接桥梁,极大地改善了生物大分子的溶解性与生物相容性。针对氧化性靶点过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻),研究人员将二苯基磷酸酯作为识别基团偶联至萘酰亚胺荧光团上,利用光诱导电子转移(PET)机制将荧光有效猝灭;当遇到过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)刺激时,会触发识别单元的结构重组与自牺牲反应,激活分子内电荷转移(ICT)机制,恢复发出波长为565纳米的强劲绿光。针对还原性靶点谷胱甘肽(GSH),研究人员将2,4-二硝基苯醚识别基团偶联至吲哚半氰基荧光团上,同样利用PET效应屏蔽荧光;当谷胱甘肽(GSH)发生亲核攻击时,硝基苯醚键被选择性剪断,屏蔽效应解除,进而恢复发出一道波长为725纳米的红光。这种相互独立的双波长荧光发射机制,确保了探针在复杂生物体内能够实现精确的信号分离与双通道同步读取。

Fig.1 Reaction mechanism of CY-LS with GSH/ONOO−. (B). Responsive testing of CY-LS toward GSH/ONOO−. (C). Linear relationship between fluorescence intensity of CY-LS and GSH/ONOO−. (D). Selectivity testing of CY-LS. (E). pH stability testing of CY-LS. (F). Kinetics testing of CY-LS. DMSO/PBS: v/v = 1<1>. Error bars: SD, n = 3.

性能验证与细胞层面观察#

在体外光谱性能测试中,CY-LS 展现出了极高的敏感度与选择性。探针对谷胱甘肽(GSH)和过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)的检测极限分别达到了2.47微摩尔和0.32微摩尔,且在0至140微摩尔的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系。在包含31种潜在干扰物(如常见的各种氨基酸、金属离子、活性氧及活性硫等)的复杂化学环境中,探针保持了优异的专一选择性,其他干扰分子均无法引发显著的荧光变化。此外,探针在生理pH范围内(pH 6.0–7.0)表现出良好的化学稳定性,且反应动力学极快,能够在60秒内对过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)做出响应,并在110秒内与谷胱甘肽(GSH)完成反应

细胞实验进一步证实了 CY-LS 的生物安全性和实用性。在人体肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)中,即使探针浓度高至50微摩尔且孵育时间长达24小时,细胞生存率仍保持在90%以上,表明其细胞毒性极低。在药物顺铂(CP)诱导的急性肾损伤细胞模型中,探针清晰呈现了氧化还原失衡的演变过程:随着顺铂浓度的增加,代表过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)的绿色荧光信号显著增强,而代表谷胱甘肽(GSH)的红色荧光信号则急剧下降,并在顺铂浓度为80微摩尔时达到了氧化失衡的峰值。而当使用铁死亡特异性抑制剂(Fer-1)进行干预时,细胞内红色荧光显著恢复,绿色荧光大幅减弱,同时铁死亡关键保护蛋白GPX4的表达量被重新激活上升。这直观地从细胞层面证明了顺铂诱导的肾损伤与铁死亡密切相关,且该探针能精准评估药物的保护疗效。

Fig.2 (A). Relevant pathways involved in cell imaging. (B). Laser confocal imaging of endogenous and exogenous GSH/ONOO− in HK-2 cells treated with CY-LS. (C) Laser confocal imaging of CY-LS in the ferroptosis model. (D, E) Relative fluorescence intensity corresponding to (B) and (C), respectively. (F, G). Flow cytometry corresponding to the imaging in (B) and (C), respectively. Error bars: SD, n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus control.

Fig.3 (A). Schematic workflow of laser confocal imaging of CY-LS in an AKI cell model. (B). Schematic diagram of related signaling pathways involved in the AKI model. (C, D). Laser confocal imaging of CY-LS in CP (0–80 μM)-induced AKI cell model and ferroptosis-mediated AKI cell model, respectively. (E). Corresponding relative fluorescence intensities of (C) and (D). (F). Flow cytometry corresponding to the CP (0–80 μM)-induced AKI cell model and ferroptosis-mediated AKI cell model. (G). Western blot (WB) results of GPX4 protein in the ferroptosis-mediated AKI cell model. Error bars: SD, n = 3; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus control.

Fig.4 (A). Schematic diagram of the workflow for confocal imaging of CY-LS in the CKD cell model. (B). Schematic diagram of the pathways involved in the CKD model. (C, D). Confocal imaging of CY-LS in the high glucose (0–100 mM)-induced CKD cell model and the ferroptosis-mediated CKD cell model. (E). Relative fluorescence intensity corresponding to (C) and (D). (F). Flow cytometry corresponding to (C) and (D). (G). Western blotting analysis of GPX4 protein expression in the ferroptosis-mediated CKD cell model. Error bar: SD, n = 3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, versus control.

动物模型验证与临床应用潜力#

研究团队在顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤(AKI)和糖尿病引发的慢性肾脏病(CKD)两种活体小鼠模型中,进一步评估了 CY-LS 的体内成像能力。实验结果显示,在肾损伤发生发展过程中,小鼠肾脏部位的过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)爆发式累积,而谷胱甘肽(GSH)被极大地消耗,探针发出的绿光增强与红光减弱精准地捕获了这一“氧化应激剧烈升高、抗氧化能力彻底崩溃”的失衡现象。而使用铁死亡抑制剂阻断该病理过程后,小鼠肾脏的荧光信号失衡状态得到逆转,证实了铁死亡在肾脏病变中的核心驱动作用。

除了在体内进行实时原位成像外,该探针还展示出了优异的临床转化应用价值。由于 CY-LS 具备出色的水溶性和高效的肾脏清除特性,注射入体内的探针能够经过肾脏过滤并快速排泄至尿液中。研究人员发现,通过直接采集小鼠的尿液样本进行简单的荧光光谱检测,即可根据尿液中荧光信号的比例变化,无创、快速地判断肾脏损伤的严重程度以及铁死亡的发生状态。

Fig.5 (A) Schematic diagram of mouse model establishment and in vivo imaging protocol. (B) In vivo renal imaging of mice within 120 min post CY-LS injection. (C, D) Dual-channel relative fluorescence intensity plots corresponding to B. (E) Dual-channel fluorescence imaging of mouse kidney sections. (F) Relative fluorescence intensity of kidney sections corresponding to E. (G) WB results of GPX4 in the control group, AKI group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated AKI group. (H) Relative GPX4 protein expression levels corresponding to (G). (I) GPX4 immunofluorescence staining in the control group, AKI group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated AKI group. (J) Relative immunofluorescence intensity corresponding to I. (K) HE staining of mouse kidney sections from the control group, AKI group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated AKI group. (L) Measurement of serum BUN and SCr levels in the control group, AKI group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated AKI group. Error bar: SD, n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, versus control. Fig.6 (A) Schematic diagram of mouse model establishment and in vivo imaging protocol. (B) Representative in vivo renal imaging of mice within 120 min post CY-LS injection. (C, D) Dual-channel relative fluorescence intensity plots corresponding to B. (E) Dual-channel relative fluorescence intensity of corresponding kidney sections. (F) Relative fluorescence intensity of kidney sections corresponding to E. (G) WB results of GPX4 in the control group, CKD group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated CKD group. (H) Relative GPX4 protein expression levels corresponding to G. (I) GPX4 immunofluorescence staining in the control group, CKD group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated CKD group. (J) Relative immunofluorescence intensity corresponding to I. (K) HE staining of mouse kidney sections from the control group, CKD group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated CKD group. (L) Measurement of serum BUN and SCr levels in the control group, CKD group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated CKD group. (M) Blood glucose level measurements in the control group, CKD group, and Fer-1-intervened ferroptosis-mediated CKD group. Error bar: SD, n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, versus control. Fig.7 (A) Experimental flowchart of urine collection and detection in mouse models of AKI and CKD. (B) Urine fluorescence detection results in the AKI mouse model. (C) Urine fluorescence detection results in the CKD mouse model. Error bar: SD, n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, versus control.

研究总结与展望#

本研究成功构建了一种基于“点击化学”组装的双响应荧光生物材料探针 CY-LS,首次实现了在活体及细胞层面同步、实时、原位监控肾损伤中谷胱甘肽(GSH)耗竭与过氧亚硝酸盐(ONOO⁻)爆发的动态演变过程。该研究不仅从分子水平深入阐明了铁死亡介导急性与慢性肾损伤的氧化还原失衡机制,还为评估抗铁死亡药物的疗效提供了可靠的定量成像工具,更为未来基于简易尿液分析的非侵入性肾损伤早期精准诊断开辟了全新路径。

在未来的研究拓展中,虽然该探针在小鼠模型中展现出了极高的灵敏度与诊断价值,但其在更复杂的体液环境、不同疾病阶段的代谢动力学特征仍需进行更长周期的安全性与代谢评估;同时,探针对于临床人体尿液复杂基质的耐受度与诊断准确率,也有待后续更大规模的临床前与临床实验作进一步的深入探索与验证。

【Biomaterials】通过“点击”偶联双响应荧光信号解码肾损伤中活性氧与活性硫的失衡
https://blog.fluolab.cn/posts/2026/09月/elsevier-biomaterials-202609001/
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