【Angew.Chem.】600nm红光也能驱动!费林加院士团队巧用质子化“开关”让分子马达实现全可见光波段精准操控
文章标题:Protonation‐Gated Orthogonal Control of Highly Efficient Molecular Motors With Broad Visible‐Light Responsiveness
通讯作者:Ben L. Feringa
文章概要
光驱动分子马达作为纳米科技的核心组件,能够将光能直接转化为定向的机械运动,在动态智能表面、自适应催化以及生物医学领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而,传统的分子马达通常依赖紫外光驱动,这极大地限制了其在生物体或复杂功能材料中的实际应用。尽管此前有研究通过扩展共轭体系或引入供体-受体结构来红移吸收波长,但这些手段往往会不可避免地牺牲分子马达的光化学效率和定向旋转的精准度。
为了打破这一瓶颈,诺贝尔化学奖得主Ben L. Feringa(伯恩·L·费林加)团队在国际顶尖化学期刊《德国应用化学》(Angewandte Chemie International Edition)上发表了最新研究成果。他们提出了一种创新的质子化门控策略,通过引入氮杂苯唑类取代基对香豆素核心进行功能化修饰。该策略利用可逆的酸碱刺激动态重塑分子的共轭拓扑结构,成功在保持近乎定量光转化效率(超过95%) 的同时,将分子马达的驱动波长大幅红移了近100纳米。这一突破使得分子马达不仅能在蓝绿光下高效运转,更能在高达600纳米的红光下实现单向精准旋转。更令人兴奋的是,该马达在聚合物薄膜中展现出由光、热和质子联合调控的多模态正交图案化颜色切换,为未来的高级信息加密、智能显示和自适应仿生材料开发开辟了全新途径。

引言
在自然界中,跨尺度的机械运动无处不在,从肌肉收缩到细胞内的物质运输,都依赖于高效的生物分子马达。受此启发,化学家们一直致力于构建人工分子马达,以期在纳米尺度上实现对物质的精准控制。在各类人工分子马达中,基于拥挤烯烃(overcrowded alkenes)的光驱动分子马达因其卓越的单向旋转特性而备受关注。然而,常规拥挤烯烃马达的高能紫外光驱动源不仅容易引起材料的光降解,而且穿透深度有限,极具生物毒性,这成为了阻碍其走向实际应用的最大“拦路虎”。
近年来,发展可见光乃至近红外光驱动的分子马达成为该领域的最前沿课题。目前常见的结构改性策略往往伴随着高昂的代价:要么分子马达的合成路线极度复杂,要么异构化阻垒发生改变导致旋转方向失控,或者光化学量子效率大幅衰减。面对这一科学难题,研究团队将目光投向了化学门控技术。质子化响应作为一种温和、可逆且高效的化学输入手段,能够在不改变分子永久共轭骨架的前提下,显著调节分子的电子云分布、激发态能量和构象稳定性。因此,如何巧妙地将质子诱导的分子重构与分子马达固有的四步单向旋转机制完美融合,成为了本次研究试图攻克的关键科学问题。

Schematic illustration of the protonation-gated orthogonal control of molecular motors’ rotation with broad visible-light responsiveness. Left: four-state rotary cycle of the motors in the neutral states under blue-green light irradiation; Right: four-state rotary cycle of the motors in the protonated states under yellow–red light irradiation. The subscript “st” indicates a stable state, and “mst” means metastable state.
主要实验及结论
研究团队设计并合成了三款融合了不同杂原子苯唑单元(苯并噻唑CMBZT、苯并恶唑CMBZO、苯并咪唑CMBID)的香豆素基拥挤烯烃分子马达。实验首先在中性状态下系统考察了这些新马达的四步单向旋转循环,即由两次光致异构化(PI)和两次热螺旋反转(THI)交替组成的完整360度旋转。如图1所示,左侧清晰展示了中性状态下分子马达在蓝绿光驱动下的旋转轨迹。研究人员以CMBZT为例,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、电子圆二色性(ECD)光谱以及原位核磁共振(1H-NMR)系统跟踪了各中间体的演变。如图2所示,在中性THF溶液中,初始处于稳定态的分子马达在470纳米光照下,吸收光谱发生明显衰减,并伴随清晰的等吸收点产生,定量转化为亚稳态。随后将体系置于暗处升温,分子顺利发生热螺旋反转跨越约80 kJ/mol的能垒转化为另一稳定态,继续经历第二步光照和第二步热恢复(能垒约102 kJ/mol)后,分子马达能够完美重回初始状态。核磁共振积分数据(表1)表明,中性状态下的光稳态(PSS)比例高达98:2,且前向光化学量子效率优异,这证明引入香豆素-苯唑结构不仅成功使基础吸收红移至可见光区,还完整保留了分子马达的高效定向旋转特征。

Rotary cycle of the CMBZT via UV–vis, ECD, and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. (a) Changes in the UV–vis absorption spectra of Zst-CMBZT (purple line; THF, −12 °C, 15 µM) upon irradiation at 470 nm to generate PSS470-Emst-CMBZT (green line), recorded every 5s (grey lines, indicating the intermediate spectra). (b) Changes in the UV–vis absorption spectra of Est-CMBZT (blue line; THF, −12 °C, 15 µM) upon irradiation at 470 nm light to generate PSS470-Zmst-CMBZT (orange line), recorded every 5s (grey lines, indicating the intermediate spectra).(c) ECD spectra starting from (S,S)-(M,M)-Zst-CMBZT (purple line, THF), followed by 470 nm light irradiation at –12°C of the sample and then heating the solution to room temperature to obtain (S,S)-(M,M)-Est-CMBZT (green line) and subsequent 470 nm irradiation to generate (S,S)-(P,P)-Zmst-CMBZT (orange line). (d) Rotary cycle of motor CMBZT followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz, 2 mM in 0.5 mL CD2Cl2) starting from Zst-CMBZT (bottom purple line) to PSS470-Emst-CMBZT (brown line) under 470 nm light irradiation at –45°C, followed by heating to room temperature for THI to generate THI-Est-CMBZT (green line); and subsequent irradiation under 470 nm light at –45°C to PSS470-Zmst-CMBZT (blue line). All 1H NMR measurements were performed at –45 °C to ensure the chemical shifts were not influenced by temperature. Arrows were used to direct attention to the changes in the chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of the characteristic resonances.
接下来,研究团队展示了该马达体系的核心亮点——质子化门控的吸收大幅红移。在向分子马达溶液中滴加三氟乙酸(TFA)时,芳香区的核磁共振信号发生了定量且高度可逆的位移,而脂肪族马达核心结构不受影响,证实质子化精准且选择性地发生在杂环的氮原子上。如图3所示,随着质子化程度加深,中性状态下的黄色溶液逐渐转变为深粉色,三种特征异构体状态均表现出显著的红移,吸收波长最大红移量高达106纳米。疲劳度测试显示,在历经多次酸碱(TFA/TEA)循环交替后,光谱响应毫无衰减,体现出极高的化学稳定性。

Protonation-gated absorption shifts of the motors. (a) Reversible reaction of Zst-CMBZT under TFA and TEA titrations. (b–d) Protonation process of Zst-CMBZT, Est-CMBZT and Zmst-CMBZT with the addition of TFA (0 to 800 equiv, 0.1 M, diluted in DCM) in DCM solution recorded by UV–vis spectra. e. Photos of the color changes corresponding to the protonation process. f. Fatigue studies of Zst-CMBZT (DCM, 1.5*10−5 M) before and after addition of TFA and TEA (1.5 equiv with respect to TFA).
为了在理论层面上阐明这种显著光谱红移的构象根源,研究团队应用密度实用函数理论(DFT)进行了基态几何结构优化分子模拟。如图4所示,计算结果揭示了一个迷人的分子行为机制。在中性状态下,CMBZT凭借羧基与硫原子之间特有的硫···氧非共价键作用(距离为2.81埃)维持着一个共平面度较高的构象。而在质子化发生后,分子内部的能量天平发生倾斜,氮原子捕获质子形成阳离子后,转而与羧基形成了强烈的内部分子间氢键。这种质子诱导的构象剧烈反转使得整个π共轭体系的平面化程度进一步增强,电子共轭范围大幅扩展,从而导致LUMO-HOMO能隙骤降约0.35 eV。模拟的瞬态吸收光谱完美印证了实验观察到的巨大红移现象。

DFT optimized geometries of different conformers before and after protonation and the corresponding free-energy diagrams of (a) Zst-CMBZT, (b) Zst-CMBZO, (c) Zst-CMBZT-2H2+, (d) Zst-CMBZO-2H2+, with the lowest free energy in each case set to 0. Atom colors: S, yellow; O, red; N, blue.

Rotary cycle of the CMBZT-2H2+ via UV–vis, ECD, and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. (a) Changes in the UV–vis absorption spectra of Zst-CMBZT-2H2+ (purple line; DCM with 1000 equiv. TFA, −12 °C, 15 µM) upon irradiation at 530 nm to generate PSS530-Emst-CMBZT-2H2+ (green line), recorded every 5s (grey lines, indicating the intermediate spectra). (b) Changes in the UV–vis absorption spectra of Est-CMBZT-2H2+ (blue line; DCM with 1000 equiv. TFA, −12 °C, 15 µM) upon irradiation at 530 nm light to generate PSS530-Zmst-CMBZT-2H2+ (orange line), recorded every 5s (grey lines, indicating the intermediate spectra). (c) CD spectra starting from (S,S)-(M,M)-Zst-CMBZT-2H2+ (purple line, DCM with 1000 equiv. TFA), followed by 530 nm light irradiation at –12°C of the sample and then heating to room temperature to obtain (S,S)-(M,M)-Est-CMBZT-2H2+ (green line) and subsequent 530 nm irradiation to generate (S,S)-(P,P)-Zmst-CMBZT-2H2+ (orange line). (d) Rotary cycle of motor CMBZT-2H2+ followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz, 2 mM in 0.5 mL CD2Cl2 with 11.5 µL TFA) starting from Zst-CMBZT-2H2+ (bottom red line) to PSS530-Emst-CMBZT-2H2+ (green line) under 530 nm light irradiation at –45 °C, followed by heating to room temperature for THI to generate THI-Est-CMBZT-2H2+ (cyan line); and subsequent irradiation under 530 nm light at –45°C to PSS530-Zmst-CMBZT-2H2+ (purple line). All 1H NMR measurements were performed at –45°C to ensure the chemical shifts were not influenced by temperature. Arrows were used to direct attention to the changes in the chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of the characteristic resonances.
最终,研究团队全面评估了质子化状态下分子马达的单向旋转表现。如图5所示,在加入过量质子后,研究人员改用530纳米的绿色光进行辐照,处于质子化稳定态的马达成功被激活,光谱平滑演变至全新的光稳态。1H-NMR原位光照实验(图5d)进一步一锤定音地证实,质子化后的马达依然遵循严格的单向旋转步调。如表2数据所示,质子化马达不仅光稳态比例依然维持在95%以上的高水平,其前向光化学量子效率保持在2.8%至13.8%之间,热螺旋反转能垒也仅微幅增加,旋转方向性和高效性均未受到质子输入的干扰。如图6所示,波长依赖性动力学分析进一步表明,质子化状态下的分子马达展现出极宽的可见光响应范围,从470纳米、505纳米、530纳米、565纳米直至595纳米和617纳米的红光波段,马达均能驱动异构化并达到几乎相同的定量转化终点。最后,团队将该马达掺杂到聚合物基质中制备成柔性薄膜(图6d),利用光掩膜照射、酸性蒸汽熏蒸和加热重构,成功实现了空间分辨的多色图案交替切换与信息擦写。

(a) UV–vis absorption spectra of CMBZT-2H2+ of four rotatory states in DCM (Zst-CMBZT-2H2+: solid cyan line; Emst-CMBZT-2H2+: dash cyan line; Est-CMBZT-2H2+: solid orange line; Zmst-CMBZT-2H2+: dash orange line). Visible light-responsiveness is revealed by using different irradiation wavelengths (from blue to red, indicated by a straight line). Evolution of the absorption changes during the irradiation of (b). Zst-CMBZT-2H2+ and (c). Est-CMBZT-2H2+ (2*10−5 M, −15°C in DCM) with 470, 505, 530, 565, and 595 nm light. (d) Multimodal regulation of patterned color switching in a polymer matrix with Zst-CMBZT through light, protonation, and heat.
总结及展望
综上所述,该研究通过极其巧妙的质子化门控策略,成功解决了高效率分子马达在长波长可见光驱动下的构象稳定性与操控难题。该体系的核心优势在于无需对马达核心进行复杂的永久性共轭结构修饰,而是借由外加质子这一化学“开关”,动态Reprogramming分子的内部氢键网络与电子共轭拓扑,使分子马达获得了从蓝色、绿色、黄色直至红色(全可见光波段)的全面响应能力,且旋转的定向fidelity和近乎定量的转化率均未受损。
这项成果不仅在分子机器基础理论上提供了一种全新的智能自适应设计范式,更在实际应用层面上展现出广阔前景。鉴于红光和长波长可见光在生物组织中具有极佳的穿透深度和超低的光毒性,这类质子门控分子马达未来有望在活体生物成像、靶向药物智能递送控制等生物医学前沿大显身手。同时,其在聚合物薄膜中优异的正交响应行为,也预示着其在高性能光信息存储、多重防伪、自适应智能窗等尖端光电子器件领域的巨大应用价值。未来,通过进一步精细调节外部化学微环境或协同其他非共价相互作用,化学家们有望开发出能够在近红外治疗窗口甚至更深层次生物组织内高效工作的全新一代分子机器。