【Adv.Mater.】华南理工夏志国、西安交大孙敏|基于稳定异配位杂化玻璃的闪烁光纤:实现发光额度 38598 photons MeV⁻¹ 的狭窄空间远程 X 射线探测与成像

【Adv.Mater.】华南理工夏志国、西安交大孙敏|基于稳定异配位杂化玻璃的闪烁光纤:实现发光额度 38598 photons MeV⁻¹ 的狭窄空间远程 X 射线探测与成像#

文章标题Scintillating Fibers From Stable Heteroleptic Hybrid Glasses for Remote X‑Ray Detection 文章作者:Yongsheng Sun, Shuai Zhang, Yuhan Liu, Min Sun, Kai Han, Chenliang Li, Zhiguo Xia 文章链接https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.74844


研究背景与核心痛点#

X 射线探测和成像技术广泛应用于医学检查、工业无损探伤、核反应堆监测以及安检等诸多关键领域。传统闪烁探测器(能将高能 X 射线转化为可见光的材料与装置)主要依赖坚硬的块状单晶(如锗酸铋晶体等)或平铺的多晶涂层薄膜。这些传统的平面探测器虽然发光效率较好,但形状固定、无法弯曲,无法深入弯曲管道、狭小缝隙或生物体腔等极其狭窄受限的复杂空间中进行实时探测。

为了让探测器能够自由弯曲并实现“远距离导光传输”,科学界尝试将闪烁材料拉制成一维的柔性“闪烁光纤”。然而,现有的闪烁光纤技术一直面临两难困境:传统的无机玻璃光纤由于发光稀土元素的激发效率低且结构缺陷多,发光非常微弱;而有机塑料闪烁光纤虽然柔软,但由于主要由轻元素组成,吸收 X 射线的截面积太小,不仅发光额度低,还极易在高剂量辐射下老化损坏。有机–无机杂化发光玻璃兼具高发光效率和可在 300°C 以下低温熔融加工的特性,是制造新型闪烁光纤的理想材料,但以往采用将熔体直接注入预制塑料管的方法产量极低、长度有限,且容易引入杂质气泡。更关键的是,适合工业级连续批量生产的“熔芯拉丝法”要求纤芯材料与外层包层(如常用的有机玻璃 PMMA)在熔化和拉丝温度、界面浸润性上高度匹配,而传统杂化玻璃的熔点通常固定且偏低(如约 198.8°C),无法与 PMMA 最佳拉丝温区(205°C 至 228°C)协同,导致拉丝过程中极易出现断丝、起泡和变形,无法拉制出超长且均匀的光纤。

Fig.1 Design and fabrication of heteroleptic hybrid glass optical fibers. (a) Schematic illustration of the molten-core method. A preform consisting of a PMMA cladding and a TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass core (yellow) is drawn down to fiber. The inset shows a photograph of the contact angle between the TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass melt and PMMA. (b) Fiber core geometries correspond to the development of temperature and interfacial instability. Left: schematics; right: optical images of MDP4Cu4I4 glass optical fibers exhibiting different degrees of thermodynamic and interfacial instability. Scale bars, 100 µm. (c) Crystal structure transformation by heteroleptic strategy. (d) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of MDP4Cu4I4 glass, TPPMDP3Cu4I4 glass, TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass, TPP3MDPCu4I4 glass, and TPP4Cu4I4 glass. Tm denotes the onset melting temperature. (e) Approximately 300 metres of continuous TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass fiber fabricated in a single drawing run. (f) Optical fiber loss of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 and MDP4Cu4I4 glass fibers measured using the cutback method with a 1550 nm laser. (g) Optical waveguiding behavior of the fibers under 365 nm excitation. (h) Image of 532 nm green light transmitted in continuous bent fibers. (i) Optical images showing cross-sectional and side views of tailoring single-core and three-core TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass fibers. Scale bars, 50 µm.#

核心创新与设计策略#

为了攻克杂化玻璃熔点固定且与包层加工温区不兼容的瓶颈,研究团队提出了一种“异配位配体空间位阻协同工程”的全新调控策略。研究人员以具备高热稳定性的经典铜碘团簇(Cu₄I₄)作为发光核心骨架,放弃了传统仅使用单一有机配体(甲基二苯基膦,MDP)的设计,创新性地引入了具有更大空间体积和更强空间位阻的第二种有机配体——三苯基膦(TPP),构建了异配位杂化结构 TPP₂MDP₂Cu₄I₄。

大体积苯环的引入有效限制了分子热运动和结构重排自由度,从而实现了对玻璃熔融温度在 175.1°C 至 241.8°C 宽广范围内的连续精准调节。特别是在两种配体等比例配合(TPP₂MDP₂Cu₄I₄)的状态下,杂化玻璃的熔点精准提升至 218.5°C,其熔体在最佳拉丝温度 225°C 下与 PMMA 包层展现出完美的界面浸润性与热力学相容性。基于这一创新策略,研究团队在单次拉丝流程中成功连续拉制出长达 约 300 米、完全无断裂、无扰动缺陷的超长杂化玻璃闪烁光纤。

Fig.2 Photophysical, structural, and robustness properties of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass. (a) Photograph of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass under visible light. Scale bars, 1 cm. The school logo is licensed and used by attribution for members of the “South China University of Technology”. (b) Photoluminescence (PL) and excitation (PLE) spectra of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal and glass. Insets show the corresponding fluorescence images. (c) PL decay curves of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal and glass. (d) Temperature-dependent PL spectra of the TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal. (e) The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) curves at the Cu K-edge of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal and glass, together with the corresponding fits. (f) Structure-based pair distribution functions (PDF) fits of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal and glass. (g) Transmittance, (h) Radioluminescence (RL) peak position, and (i) RL full width at half maximum (FWHM) of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 and MDP4Cu4I4 glasses as a function of storage time in air and in water. (j) Photographs of the TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 and MDP4Cu4I4 glass samples following immersion in water. (k) XRD patterns of the MDP4Cu4I4 and TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass after heat treatment at different temperatures for 5 min.#

光学与微观结构机理分析#

研究团队系统表征了该异配位杂化玻璃在从晶体转变为无序玻璃态过程中的微观结构和发光机理。扩展 X 射线吸收精细结构谱(EXAFS)和高分辨原子对分布函数(PDF)拟合分析表明,当材料在高温熔融并快速降温转变为玻璃态时,长程的周期性晶格虽然被打破,但局域的 Cu₄I₄ 团簇核心骨架结构以及铜–碘、铜–磷的关键化学键合模式被完整保留,仅伴随极微小的几何畸变。

这种结构完整性赋予了玻璃优异的光学特性。该杂化玻璃的光学带隙约为 3.15 eV,在紫外激发下发射峰位于 588 nm,斯托克斯位移(激发与发射峰值波长差)高达 230 nm,表现出极弱的自吸收效应,非常有利于光信号在长距离光纤中的低损耗传播。其发光衰减寿命仅为 5.09 µs,比传统锰基杂化玻璃快了近两个数量级,非常适合高速瞬态辐射成像;光致发光量子产率在玻璃态下依然高达 72.9%。所拉制的光纤在 588 nm 下纤芯折射率为 1.73、包层为 1.49,实现了高达 0.88 的数值孔径(光收集与束缚能力),在 1550 nm 处的传输损耗低至 0.36 dB cm⁻¹。此外,细直径(50 µm)光纤的最小弯曲直径可小于 400 µm,兼具超高机械柔韧性与优异的抗水侵蚀环境稳定性(在水中浸泡 14 天性能保持稳定)。

Fig.3 Scintillation performances of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 crystal and glass. (a) Absorption coefficient as a function of x-ray photon energy for TPP2MDP2Cu4I4, LuAG, BGO, and anthracene. (b) Calculated x-ray attenuation efficiencies of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4, LuAG, BGO, and anthracene versus thickness for the entire range of x-ray photon energy (1.9–49 keV). (c) RL spectra of LuAG, TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass and crystal under the same x-ray irradiation (50 kV, 50 µA). (d) Detection limits determined at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3 and linear responses of TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass and crystal. (e) RL intensity recorded under x-ray irradiation. (f) Schematic illustration of the x-ray imaging system. (g) Modulation transfer function (MTF) of scintillating TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass with 500 and 1000 µm thicknesses. (h) X-ray imaging of the standard x-ray test pattern plate. X-ray imaging of (i) copper mesh, (j) duck foot, and (k) chip using TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass scintillation with 500 µm thicknesses. Scale bars, 5 mm.#

闪烁探测性能与狭小空间成像应用#

在 X 射线闪烁响应方面,得益于铜和碘两类重原子的高效射线阻截吸收,TPP₂MDP₂Cu₄I₄ 玻璃展现出优异的辐射探测参数:

  • 高发光额度:玻璃态下的稳态闪烁发光额度达到 38598 photons MeV⁻¹(晶体态达 57319 photons MeV⁻¹),显著优于常规闪烁光纤系统;
  • 极低探测极限:在信噪比为 3 的标准下,玻璃的最低探测极限低至 62.2 nGy s⁻¹,比常规医学诊断剂量率(5.5 µGy s⁻¹)低了近两个数量级;
  • 优异的抗辐照稳定性:在 1.274 mGy s⁻¹ 的持续 X 射线辐照下连续工作 7200 秒后,发光强度仍保持在初始值的 97% 以上,循环辐照波动低于 1%。

利用制备出的高质量光纤,团队展示了常规平面探测器无法企及的应用场景:

  1. 多通道光纤阵列板:将 1089 根光纤组装成 33 × 33 的阵列面板(8 mm 厚度),每个光纤纤芯充当独立的空间像素通道,光信号在纤芯内全反射传输,彻底消除了传统厚闪烁屏内部的光线侧向散射串扰,不仅能清晰透视金属盒内的弹簧和塑料包裹的钥匙,还能对 X 射线光束的三维空间形态与光斑包络进行精准空间重构成像;
  2. 狭窄内部缺陷远程实时探伤:研制了包含 256 根光纤、长达 15 cm 的 16 × 16 柔性闪烁光纤阵列束。针对厚壁陶瓷瓶内部的隐蔽缺陷,传统平面探测器因外壁严重吸收和遮挡完全无法获取内部图像;而将柔性光纤阵列直接弯曲伸入陶瓷瓶内腔后,光纤在内部接收穿透的 X 射线并在前端原位转换为光信号、通过光纤束远程导出,成功实现了对受限封闭空间内部孔洞和结构缺陷的高对比度清晰成像。

Fig.4 TPP2MDP2Cu4I4 glass fibre array for x-ray imaging. (a) Top and side views of 33 × 33 fiber array panel containing 1089 optical fibers. The panel measures 20 mm × 20 mm × 8 mm (length × width × height). The inset shows a fluorescence image of the array panel. The school logo is licensed and used by attribution for members of the “South China University of Technology”. (b) X-ray imaging of different objects, acquired with the fibre array panel. Inset is of the object being imaged. Optical signals from the fiber ends were collected by a CCD camera and converted into greyscale maps to reconstruct x‑ray images. (c) 3D-shape imaging of x-ray beam by the fibre array panel at different distances from the x-ray source. (d) Schematic illustration of remote x-ray imaging enabled by a flexible fibre array. (e) Photograph of a 16 × 16 flexible fiber arrays (length: 15 cm) under visible light. The total number of optical fibers is 256. Scale bars, 5 mm. (f) Photograph of a porcelain bottle under visible light. (g) Conventional flat-panel x-ray imaging of the porcelain bottle. (h, i) X‑ray imaging of internal holes and defects within the porcelain bottle using the flexible fiber array.#

研究局限与未来展望#

尽管该项研究成功突破了连续拉制高性能杂化玻璃闪烁光纤的技术瓶颈,并实现了狭窄内腔的远程成像,但文章也指出了当前方案存在的客观局限:由于目前实验室手工组装与模具精度的限制,现阶段光纤阵列的排布密度和单纤直径(约 150 µm)仍未达到超高空间分辨率的极限水平,有效纤芯面积填充率仅为 1.73%,整体探测效率仍有较大提升空间。

未来研究可以进一步优化精密拉丝与高密度阵列封装工艺,通过将单根光纤直径缩减至微米级别并提升光纤集成密度,理论上可使成像空间分辨率突破 100 lp mm⁻¹。同时,这种利用混合配体空间位阻协同精确调控热力学特性的设计范式,可以进一步推广拓展至更多低毒性、多功能的金属卤化物分子团簇体系中,为开发面向极端工业巡检、介入式精准微创医疗影像等前沿场景的新型柔性光子学器件奠定材料基础。

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【Adv.Mater.】华南理工夏志国、西安交大孙敏|基于稳定异配位杂化玻璃的闪烁光纤:实现发光额度 38598 photons MeV⁻¹ 的狭窄空间远程 X 射线探测与成像
https://blog.fluolab.cn/posts/2026/08月/wiley-adv-mater-202608014/
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