【Angew.Chem.】水相中耗散型再生化学发光:基于苝酰亚胺的非平衡态发光系统(荧光量子产率达59%)
【Angew.Chem.】水相中耗散型再生化学发光:基于苝酰亚胺的非平衡态发光系统(荧光量子产率达59%)
文章标题:Dissipative Regenerative Chemiluminescence in Water: A Perylene-Based Out-of-Equilibrium Light-Emitting System 文章作者:Luca Morgan, Chiara Alberoni, Dario Alessi, Daniel Morales-Martinez, Sara Bonacchi, Alessandro Aliprandi 文章链接:https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.9467229

耗散化学发光的研究动因与瓶颈
生命系统依靠持续耗散化学能维持功能状态,但在人工合成分子体系中重现这一非平衡态机制极具挑战。传统化学发光依赖不可逆的共价键断裂与形成,会导致发光体永久性消耗;基于电子转移循环的再生化学发光(RCL) 虽能实现发光体原位再生,但传统体系受限于强还原剂(如碱金属)与强氧化剂等苛刻反应条件,且通常要求严格隔离高活性中间体以防副反应,更难以拓展至生物兼容的水相环境。为此,本研究旨在打破传统耗散体系仅局限于组装形态调控的范式,通过分子骨架理性调控与系统化学设计,在温和水相条件下构建由温和化学燃料驱动的化学燃料驱动再生化学发光(CFRCL)系统,赋予材料自主脉冲发光特性,为非平衡态光子学与生物传感提供全新的理论与技术平台。

Fig.1 (a) Schematic representation of CFRCL. (b) Representation of the thermodynamics involved into reported out-of-equilibrium systems and the dissipative chemiluminescent system reported in this work. (c) Compounds considered in this study.
体系理性设计与非平衡态发光实验验证
研究团队建立了从“分子轨道能级调控→可逆氧化还原循环验证→耗散态持续脉冲发光”的闭环技术路线。通用苝母核还原电位过负而无法被温和还原剂还原。本文首次提出了将系统化学耗散动力学与电子转移化学发光相融合的CFRCL策略:沿用苝二酰亚胺(PBI)可调骨架,在其湾位引入邻羟基吡啶并进一步季铵化阳离子化,成功合成了水溶性阳离子发光体(化合物 )。该修饰将单电子还原电位显著正移至,使其能够被温和还原剂连二亚硫酸钠(DTO)快速双电子还原为双阳离子中间体(),随后被高热力学驱动力的过氧化氢()氧化回单重激发态并辐射跃迁释放光子,发光体在循环结束后完全恢复至基态。
实验在水相及有机溶剂体系中展开,结合循环伏安、原位光谱电化学、高通量微孔板发光分析仪与时间分辨紫外-可见光谱进行多维度表征。对比实验表明:未修饰母核无法参与循环;缺乏湾位保护的化合物 在氧化阶段发生不可逆降解;而湾位修饰的化合物 (在二甲基甲酰胺中)与季铵化产物 (在纯水中)展现出优异的可逆性与发光性能。关键性能数据显示:化合物 在水相中的光致发光量子产率(PLQY)达59%(最大发射峰位于),单次阶跃发光持续约,化学发光光谱与稳态荧光光谱完全重合。
在耗散态连续运转测试中,预混发光体()与氧化剂()的水溶液在经受连续多轮 DTO 脉冲注射后,呈现出持续约的高强度发光脉冲,发光体在过程中充当了“化学发光催化剂”。机理监测进一步证实,发光反应速率远快于盐浓度增加诱导的聚集猝灭过程,单体在被还原解聚后于飞秒至纳秒尺度完成高效化学发光,随后才缓慢进行H型自组装。浓度依赖性分析表明,总光子产额与发光体浓度()及 浓度()呈严格正线性相关,而对 DTO 浓度的非线性响应则源于燃料间副反应的动力学竞争。

Fig.2 (a) Absorption spectra of 3 (degassed solution) (blue curve), 32− (reduction with 100 eq. of aqueous DTO) (red curve), 3 (after H2O2 addition to 32−) (green curve). [3] = 5·10−6 M in DMF. (b) Absorption spectra of: 3, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = 0 V (blue curve); 3•−, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = −0.36 V (red curve); 32−, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = −0.69 V (green curve). Constant pulse electrolysis for 300 s, GC working electrode (custom), Pt wire as CE, Ag wire pseudo RE, [3] = 0.1 mM, supporting electrolyte: TBAPF6 0,2 M, solvent: DMF. (c) Light intensity versus time plot of 3. [3] = 1 mM, [H2O2] = 1 M, solvent: DMF. PMT gain at 100 equipped with optical fiber. (d) Comparison of the emission spectra of 3: photoluminescence (blue curve), regenerative chemiluminescence (red curve).

Fig.3 (a) Absorption spectra of 44+ (degassed solution) (blue curve), 42+ (reduction with 100 eq. of aqueous DTO) (red curve), 44+ (after H2O2 addition to 42+) (green curve). [44+] = 5·10−6 M in water. (b) Absorption spectra of: 44+, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = 0 V (blue curve); “43+”, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = −0.14 V (red curve); 42+, Epulse versus Ag/AgCl = −0.33 V (green curve). Constant pulse electrolysis for 300 s, GC working electrode (custom), Pt wire as CE, Ag wire pseudo RE, [44+] = 0.1 mM in PBS. (c) Light intensity versus time plot of 44+. [44+] = 1 mM, [H2O2] = 1 M, solvent: water. PMT gain at 100 equipped with optical fiber. (d) Comparison of the emission spectra of 44+: photoluminescence (blue curve), regenerative chemiluminescence (red curve).

Fig.4 (a) Light intensity versus time profiles following multiple injections of 100 µL of a DTO solution (20 eq.) into a solution of 44+ and H2O2 ([44+] = 1 mM, [H2O2] = 1 M, 0.5 mL); solvent: H2O. PMT gain 5. (b) Absorption spectra of compound 44+ and H2O2 after addition of dithionite. Significant spectra: blue line - 0 s; red line - 3 s; green line - 8 s; dashed orange line - 60 s; dashed cyan line - 300 s; purple line—second DTO injection; violet line - 8 s after second DTO injection. (c) Time evolution of the absorbance of the doubly reduced intermediate 42+ (657 nm) upon addition of DTO, recorded every 200 ms. (d) Time evolution of the absorbance at 800 nm to monitor scattering evolution within the system, recorded every 200 ms.
核心创新与性能提升
本文的核心创新在于首次在纯水环境中实现了温和化学燃料驱动的耗散型再生化学发光(CFRCL)系统,突破了传统 RCL 依赖剧烈条件、有机介质与离散操作的严重局限。通过精准的分子能级设计,实现了化学发光循环无发光体损耗,在水相中维持了高达59%的量子产率与多轮脉冲发光稳定性,成功将化学发光从传统的热力学单向消耗控制推进至动力学耗散稳态调控。尽管体系在高离子强度下存在后续慢速聚集趋势,但这一突破为利用内源性氧化还原物种开发自主发光活体成像与生物传感工具奠定了坚实基础。
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