卷首导语#

本周共汇集四十篇荧光方向最新发表的论文与会议成果，研究脉络大致可划为荧光探针与化学/生物传感、有机发光与光物理新材料、荧光成像技术与计算成像、生物医学荧光应用以及食品-环境-农业荧光检测五个技术板块。材料体系上，镧系MOF、量子点、碳点、金纳米簇、TADF分子与室温磷光多环烃等竞相涌现；技术取向上，比率/双模式传感、无酶扩增生物传感、机器学习辅助解析、智能光谱解混算法以及智能手机便携检测平台的深度融合，成为贯穿各方向的主线。

一、荧光探针与化学/生物传感#

在化学与生物传感方向，本周期工作呈现出“材料多样化+信号双模式化”的明显趋势。Sun等[1]构建了双发射Tb-MOF及罗丹明B封装的Tb-MOF@RhB三重发射材料，利用氢键作用实现对食品防腐剂脱氢乙酸钠的比率与比色双重响应，肉眼可见由黄至绿的颜色变化，检测限分别低至2.20 μM，并进一步搭建智能手机辅助便携平台用于现场快检；类似地，gorji等[2]设计了吡啶功能化的杯[4]芳烃荧光受体，借助螯合增强与配位淬灭两条通路分别识别Mn²⁺与Au³⁺，检出限为2.835×10⁻⁷ M，且可经EDTA再生循环复用。针对极性非质子溶剂中的痕量水检测，Liu等[3]提出同步波长移动双模式策略，其λ-探针的发射与吸收随水含量递增发生约80 nm的蓝移，借助智能手机成像与自定义程序实现0.97%与0.20%的检测限。在探针分子设计层面，Yildirim等[4]从光物理机制角度剖析了硫黄素T相较于苯并咪唑衍生物更优异的“点亮”表现，指出激发态平面化、电荷转移稳定化与旋转势垒间的平衡是抑制非辐射衰变的关键，为下一代G4探针提供了设计准则。生物大分子传感同样进展明显，Ma等[5]通过构建UDG裂解型荧光探针，实现尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶在30分钟内的绝对定量，并兼容荧光激活液滴分选，使突变体热稳定性较野生型提高达15倍；Zhang等[6]则利用双立足点链置换熵驱动扩增，无酶实现HPV16与HPV18的同步检测，检出限低至0.020 nM。此外，Tang等[7]开发了反应型近红外硫化氢探针DNP-S，据此建立高内涵荧光成像筛选体系，从天然产物单体中鉴定出具备升压调节潜力的S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸，并在高血压小鼠模型中验证了其降压与保护血管肾脏的作用；Liu等[8]进一步将手性碳点与机器学习结合，凭借L-/D-碳点对次氯酸的比率与淬灭差异构建双通道平台，结合LSTM算法实现小鼠血清次氯酸的高精度可视化定量与活细胞成像。

二、有机发光与光物理新材料#

发光材料方向延续了从分子构象调控到聚集态性能优化的多层探索。基础光物理层面，Ipate等[9]利用Kamlet-Taft、Catalán与Laurence三种多参数溶剂化显色模型系统解析了1,3,4-噁二唑衍生物的光物理行为，其中Laurence模型对荧光发射的拟合优度最高，为光电分子的理性设计提供了统计依据；Oladepo等[16]则考察了4′-烷基-4-氰基联苯液晶在不同极性溶剂下的吸收与荧光，揭示了荧光光谱的奇偶效应及长链分子的折叠相互作用。在新型发光骨架构建上，Bock等[10]报道了近乎平面的非对称多环烃单高木芴，其打破Kasha规则产生激发依赖双发射，S₂态激发可在455–480 nm实现寿命超过12 s的超长室温磷光，S₁态激发则给出瞬时荧光与三重态-三重态湮灭延迟荧光，为复杂激发态动力学研究开辟了新的骨架。热激活延迟荧光（TADF）仍是材料设计热点，Seixas De Melo等[11]以蒽醌为受体制备系列不对称给体-受体TADF分子，发现给体单元显著调控聚集态发光，其中咔唑衍生物在薄膜与粉末态均保持高效发射，并具备0.12 eV的小能隙与较快的反向系间窜越；Li等[12]则通过氧、硫、硒三种硫族元素调控吩嗪衍生物的分子构象，Zn²⁺配位可增强分子内电荷转移并触发室温磷光向磷光-延迟荧光双发射的切换。面向器件应用，Yan等[13]提出的TADF树枝化π-共轭聚合物通过在侧链接枝大体积树枝基团抑制聚集淬灭，纯膜量子产率超过80%，溶液加工无掺杂发光二极管外量子效率高达27.5%，为无掺杂TADF聚合物发光二极管树立了新的标杆；Sanjeev等[14]将铜铟硫量子点嵌入PVA基质制得纳米复合膜，兼具稳定红光发射、激发无关荧光与良好光稳定性，量子产率约5%；Gordel-Wójcik等[15]则展示了氨基酸表面化学对谷胱甘肽稳定Ag₂S量子点荧光的精细调控，使量子产率由2.17%提升至4.82%，并在宽光谱区间呈现高达1779 GM的双光子吸收截面。此外，Shi等[17]借助S⋯N σ-空穴相互作用构建了同时兼具强二次谐波、压电效应与固态荧光的单组分有机极性晶体，二次谐波强度为KDP的7.7倍，压电系数达9 pC N⁻¹；Meldrum等[18]则通过光驱动竞争质子化机制实现螺吡喃-部花青光酸与质子响应荧光团之间的可逆质子分配，得到具有高色度对比的动态荧光调制体系，可用于可重写荧光信息存储与热成像。

三、荧光成像技术与计算成像#

荧光成像技术与计算成像在本周期呈现“仪器硬件革新+智能算法赋能”的双轮驱动。硬件层面，Zhao等[20]开发了基于时空调制（STM）的术中荧光成像仪，通过线扫描编码与空间频率解调、时间门控，在手术室强光灯干扰下仍能高对比度识别神经组织，经在体动物与离体人神经样本验证，向荧光引导手术的临床转化迈进重要一步；Mei等[21]借鉴宽银幕电影技术设计了非球面Scheimpflug荧光LiDAR，将横向视场由29.43°扩展至43.01°并保持毫米级纵向分辨率，可对大范围植物进行三维生理-结构表型监测，其光合量子效率测量与传统二维系统高度吻合。算法与图像处理层面，Hernández等[22]基于像素重分配反卷积提出多维荧光计算超分辨框架，将空间轴与荧光寿命、光谱信息整合为高维张量，可仅凭单次采集提升多维荧光图像空间分辨率而不损失定量保真度；Zhuang等[23]提出一致性正则化半监督光谱解混方法CRSS，通过全局-局部光谱注意力与动态特征融合建模光谱-空间特征，仅用9.7%标注数据即可达到接近全监督的解混精度，大幅缓解多色荧光显微成像的通道串扰与标注成本问题；Hsieh等[19]则面向皮肤神经病理分析，结合CIELAB色彩分解与可扩展蛇模型自动检测表皮区域，在100例表皮图像上取得82.73%的平均Dice系数，为深度学习数据稀缺场景提供了稳健替代方案。成像方法综述亦为领域提供系统视角，Malacrida等[24]评述了环境敏感DAN探针结合高光谱与荧光寿命成像及相量分析研究生物分子凝聚体的生理与病理过程，Lakadamyali等[25]则梳理了单分子荧光方法可视化中心法则的固定与活体成像进展。此外，Gorbunov等[26]建立了基于饱和背景光下叶绿素荧光瞬时动力学测定光合作用最大周转速率的方法，测得绿藻与硅藻的周转速率为150–600 s⁻¹，并揭示其与营养限制和生长速率的强线性关联，为全球海洋初级生产力评估提供了高效工具。

四、生物医学荧光应用#

生物医学应用方向聚焦荧光引导手术与诊疗一体化的临床转化。Hernot等[27]验证了靶向人叶酸受体α的单域抗体示踪剂2BD42-s775z，其对hFRα保持亚纳摩尔亲和并能在体外精准区分hFRβ，注射1小时即在卵巢癌与肺癌模型中实现4.1±0.9的肿瘤本底比，可快速高亮肿瘤病灶，凸显其在荧光引导手术中的潜力。在诊疗一体化材料方面，Tang等[28]提出“小幅修饰、大幅跃升”策略，对明星NIR-II AIEgen 2TT-oC6B仅作小于5%分子量的小改动即获得同时兼具高荧光亮度与优异光热的ST-CZ，发射峰1082 nm、量子产率4.3%、光热转换效率69%，实现脑脑血管成像与肿瘤转移灶光热免疫协同消融。面向骨骼健康监测，McNeill等[29]通过蒙特卡洛系统研究骨锶在体X射线荧光测量的最优激发源，指出¹⁰³Pd有望替代传统的¹⁰⁹Cd与¹²⁵I源，而便携铑靶XRF枪或可取得最佳性能。Al-Garawi等[30]则利用NAC负载金纳米颗粒评估其穿透人白内障晶状体的能力，荧光定量与生化分析证实其成功穿透、定位并保持晶状体透明度，同时提示胆固醇可能是老年性白内障的相关预测因子。Rabouw等[31]以甲型流感病毒为主要案例，系统评述了荧光显微成像在可视化病毒感染、宿主细胞组织重塑及异质抗病毒反应方面的空间、时间与单细胞级洞察。此外，本期还收录了Molecular Pharmaceutics的人物侧写，Gupta[32]分享了面向儿科肿瘤靶向荧光成像剂的研发心得，为年轻研究者提供了产业化视角。

五、食品、环境与农业荧光检测#

食品、环境与农业领域成为荧光技术的重要落地场景。食品危害物检测方面，Jia等[33]将金纳米簇限域于Sm₂O₃构建荧光传感器，基于静态-动态协同淬灭实现对有机磷农药三氯吡氧乙酸的检测，检出限0.82 μg L⁻¹，可用于土壤、茶叶与菠菜样本；Jia等[34]又以COF/金纳米颗粒/亚甲基蓝双功能探针结合靶标诱导解离策略，构建荧光-电化学双模式适配体传感器用于四环素分析，简化了制备流程并避免电极修饰；Ma等[35]将g-C₃N₄与Zn/Eu-MOF共价耦合形成II型异质结，在实现可见光光催化降解氧氟沙星（120分钟去除率69.21%）的同时，凭借IFE主导机制完成比率荧光检测，检出限0.011 μM，并借手机RGB分析实现牛奶样本的快速半定量。农产品品质评估方面，Hou等[36]提出TVB-N引导的非对称级联激发-发射矩阵网络（TAC-EEMNet），融合强度保持与谱形增强双通道特征，同时预测牛肉的TVB-N、pH与红度a*，测试集R²分别达0.9200与0.8109，为冷鲜肉品质无损评估提供了可解释框架。大气环境监测同样借助荧光技术深化，Mochida等[37]以激发-发射矩阵结合平行因子分析解析日本森林、偏远与城市气溶胶中水溶性有机物，区分出低氧化类腐殖质、蛋白样物质与高氧化类腐殖质三类组分，并借助腐殖化指数与生物指数区分不同来源环境；Zieger等[38]则基于单颗粒荧光与光学形貌追踪粗气溶胶的生物、人为与无机来源，并开发融合荧光与形貌信息的监督学习分类算法，结合域自适应提升了对生物气溶胶的量化精度。工业多相监测方面，Firouzi等[39]首次将LED诱导荧光作为非侵入诊断手段用于回流浮选池的多相行为监测，以罗丹明B为示踪剂，信号对固体浓度、洗水通量与下降管位置的改变高度敏感，为浮选过程在线监控提供了新思路。农业安全评估方面，Wang等[40]将荧光成像与激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用，协同示踪Eu-BDC-NH₂与UiO-66-NH₂两种MOF在黄瓜幼苗中的迁移与累积，证实其在根系优先富集并可从根向茎叶高效转运，为农业纳米材料生物安全评估提供了可靠分析工具。

本周亮点速览#

本期最具突破性的工作当属四项。其一，Bock等[10]在Nature Communications报道的近乎平面非对称多环烃，以颠覆性的抗Kasha双发射同时实现超过12 s的超长室温磷光与延迟荧光，为纯有机持久磷光材料开辟了新骨架，极富光物理新颖性；其二，Yan等[13]在Advanced Materials上提出的TADF树枝化π-共轭聚合物，以27.5%外量子效率刷新了无掺杂TADF聚合物发光二极管的纪录，兼具80%以上的纯膜量子产率与高载流子迁移率，对大面积低成本显示意义重大；其三，Tang等[28]在Science Advances上展示的NIR-II AIEgen，以微小分子量改动同时突破荧光亮度与光热的固有权衡，实现1082 nm发射、4.3%量子产率与69%光热转换效率兼具，并完成脑血管成像与肿瘤转移灶消融，诊疗一体化能力突出；其四，Hernot等[27]在Biomolecules上验证的高特异性叶酸受体α单域抗体示踪剂，以其亚纳摩尔亲和、快速肿瘤富集与持久肿瘤本底比，为卵巢与肺癌荧光引导手术提供了更具特异性的新一代对比剂，临床转化价值显著。

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