【CEJ】低至0.28 nM!利用Förster共振能量转移和聚集诱导发射增强技术,基于多组分σ共轭硅纳米线的高爆炸性蒸气传感器
文章标题:Multicomponent -conjugated silicon nanowire-based sensor for high-explosive vapors using Förster resonance energy transfer and aggregation-induced emission enhancement
通讯作者:Honglae Sohn

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of fluorescence amplification driven by multiple FRET and AIEE effects, together with pronounced explosive-induced PET quenching in the aggregated Q1/Q2/Q3 system.
文章概要
高灵敏度且能实时响应的高能炸药监测技术是当前国际安全防御与环境监管领域的研究重心。近日,Honglae Sohn教授团队在《Chemical Engineering Journal》上发表了一项重要研究成果。该研究开发出一种基于-共轭硅纳米线的多组分荧光传感器,通过巧妙融合多重斯德共振能量转移(FRET)与聚集诱导发光增强(AIEE)双重机制,克服了传统荧光材料在固态下易发生的聚集淬灭难题。实验结果表明,该传感器在溶液中对TNT、RDX及PETN的检测限分别达到了惊人的0.29 nM、0.39 nM和0.28 nM。此外,该体系成功实现了对RDX和PETN等高能炸药蒸气的实时监测,为痕量炸药的现场快速筛查提供了全新的技术路径。

Fig. 3. UV–Vis absorption and PL spectra of Q1, Q2, and Q3.
引言
在反恐安检、军事侦察及法医鉴定中,针对硝基芳香族(如TNT)及硝胺/硝酸酯类(如RDX、PETN)高能炸药的检测至关重要。然而,这些化学物质通常具有极低的蒸气压,且在环境中的含量往往处于痕量级别,对传感器的灵敏度提出了严苛要求。传统的荧光猝灭传感器虽具有检测限低的潜力,但多数有机荧光团在制备成薄膜或处于聚集态时,会因为分子间的强相互作用产生聚集诱导猝灭(ACQ)现象,显著降低初始荧光强度,从而限制了检测动态范围。
硅基共轭聚合物由于其独特的电子离域特性,具有优异的光学和电学性能。研究人员试图通过构建复杂的纳米结构来协同提升材料的荧光量子产率。本研究的核心科学问题在于,如何通过分子设计与多组分复合,将能量传递过程与聚集态增强机制相结合,从而在极低浓度环境下诱导更显著的荧光信号变化,实现对高能炸药分子的高效捕获。
主要实验及结论
研究团队首先设计并合成了包含特定发光基团的-共轭聚硅烷体系,并将其负载于硅纳米线(SiNW)基底上,构建了多组分复合传感界面。传感器的结构设计充分考虑了不同组分间的光谱重叠与能级匹配,形成了一个能够捕获光子能量并定向传递的“捕光天线”系统。这种多组分体系不仅提供了丰富的结合位点,还通过SiNW的高比表面积增强了与分析物分子的接触频率。

Fig. 4. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) isosurfaces of the optimized Q1–Q3 structures obtained from ab initio DFT calculations performed using the Gaussian 16 package at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level; for the polymers, the degree of polymerization was set to 7.
在光物理性能表征阶段,研究人员通过紫外-可见吸收光谱与稳态荧光光谱深入探讨了体系内的能量传递效率。实验观察到,随着组分间的紧密结合,体系表现出明显的FRET效应,能量源源不断地从高能级组分向发光中心汇集。更为关键的是,由于引入了具备AIEE特性的分子结构,材料在形成纳米线薄膜的过程中,荧光非但没有减弱,反而因分子内运动受限而显著增强,这为后续的高对比度检测奠定了坚实的基础。

Fig. 5. PL spectra of Q1, Q1/Q3, and Q1/Q2/Q3 in H2O/THF mixtures with different water fractions (_f_w, vol%). PL spectra of a) Q3 (single component), b) the binary mixture of Q1/Q3, c) the ternary mixture of Q1/Q2/Q3 in H2O/THF mixtures with varying _f_w. d) Relative PL intensity (I/_I_0) as a function of _f_w for Q3, Q1/Q3, and Q1/Q2/Q3, where _I_0 denotes the PL intensity in pure THF (_f_w = 0).
针对传感器的灵敏度与选择性,团队进行了细致的溶液滴定实验。当向体系中滴入微量的TNT、RDX或PETN溶液时,传感器的荧光强度呈现出剧烈的猝灭响应。根据Stern-Volmer方程计算得出,该传感器在溶液相中表现出极高的猝灭常数,其对PETN的检测限达到了0.28 nM,这一数值远优于目前大多数同类荧光传感器。这种卓越的灵敏度主要归功于光诱导电子转移(PET)机制:由于炸药分子具有极强的电子亲和力,它们作为电子受体能迅速捕获传感材料受激产生的电子,导致辐射跃迁被有效阻断。

Fig. 6. Photographic visualization of stepwise fluorescence amplification in the polysilole-based system under 365 nm UV irradiation. From left to right: silole monomer solution, Q3 solution after polymerization, aggregated Q3 in H2O/THF mixed solvent (_f_w = 99), and aggregated Q1/Q2/Q3 ternary mixture (_f_w = 99). (Inset) Representative SEM image of the Q1/Q2/Q3 aggregate morphology (scale bar = 200 nm).

Fig. 7. Donor-band area ratios (_I_DA/_I_D) of Q1/Q2/Q3 aggregate solutions, determined from integrated donor fluorescence intensities over the 325–425 nm region to evaluate donor-to-Q3 energy transfer. a) in H2O/THF (_f_w = 90), b) in H2O/THF (_f_w = 99).

Fig. 8. PL quenching spectra of Q1/Q2/Q3 nanoaggregate solutions (_f_w = 90) are observed as the concentrations of the analytes: a TNT, b RDX, and c PETN increase. d Stern–Volmer plot showing sensing efficiency for TNT, RDX, and PETN in these nanoaggregate solutions (_f_w = 90) of Q1/Q2/Q3.
为了验证其实际应用价值,研究人员进一步考察了传感器对炸药蒸气的响应特性。在模拟的实时监测环境中,当传感器暴露于饱和蒸气压极低的RDX和PETN蒸气时,荧光信号在数秒内便出现了显著下降。更为突出的是,该传感器展现出了良好的实时恢复能力和循环稳定性,即便在多次检测后,仍能保持较高的灵敏度。这一结果有力证明了该-共轭硅基材料在复杂空气环境下的高稳定性和对非挥发性高能炸药的远程感知能力。

Fig. 9. a) Schematic illustration of the sensing device configuration, operating principle, and experimental setup and conditions for vapor exposure. b) Real-time fluorescence response of the Q1/Q2/Q3 nanowire blend film to TNT, RDX, and PETN vapors at 25 °C. The gray shaded regions indicate analyte vapor exposure periods. Each exposure lasted for 5 s, followed by a 30 s recovery interval, and this cycle was repeated five times. The blank response obtained under the same operating procedure without analyte vapor is shown as a green solid line. For comparison, Q3-only films and Iptycene AFP films were also measured under identical conditions and are represented by black dashed lines and blue/red dashed lines, respectively. c) Fluorescence recovery behavior of the Q1/Q2/Q3 nanowire blend film after 5 s exposure to TNT vapor. The fluorescence intensity recovered within approximately 100 s, with a recovery ratio (_R_rec) of 99.6%.

Fig. 10. Schematic energy-level diagram showing the HOMO and LUMO positions and bandgap energies (_E_g) of Q1, Q2, and Q3, together with the LUMO levels (_E_L) of TNT, RDX, and PETN, the FRET energy-transfer pathway and the PET-mediated electron-flow pathways. The energy levels were obtained from ab initio DFT calculations performed using the Gaussian 16 package at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level; for the polymers, the degree of polymerization was set to 7.
总结及展望
综上所述,本研究成功构建了一种集成了FRET能量传递与AIEE发光增强特性的多组分硅纳米线传感器。该系统通过协同多种物理机制,在提升初始信号强度的同时,极大强化了猝灭效率,实现了对PETN、TNT及RDX等高能炸药的超灵敏检测,最低检测限下探至0.28 nM。
这项工作不仅展示了-共轭聚合物在光电功能材料领域的独特魅力,也为开发新一代高性能现场安检设备提供了理论依据。未来的研究方向将致力于传感器的微型化集成,以及通过分子工程手段进一步提升对不同炸药种类的模式识别能力,以应对日益复杂的安全检测挑战。