【Angew.Chem.】中科院化学所于贵、王吉政|冲击26.33%效率巅峰!自由基功能化COFs赋能反式钙钛矿太阳能电池新突破
文章标题:Enhancing Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Electron-Rich Covalent Organic Frameworks Radicals
通讯作者:Jizheng Wang, Gui Yu

文章概要
引言
在过去十年中,钙钛矿太阳能电池因其高效率和低成本成为光伏领域的研究焦点。然而,传统钙钛矿薄膜在制备过程中往往伴随着结晶速度难以控制、非辐射复合中心多以及晶界缺陷严重等问题,这极大地限制了器件性能的进一步提升。为了同时解决结晶动力学调控、缺陷钝化和能级对齐等核心挑战,研究人员将目光投向了具有周期性结构和可调物化特性的二维共价有机框架材料。尽管自由基材料因其独特的开壳电子结构和增强的电子离域效应在光电领域备受关注,但此前尚未有将自由基功能化共价有机框架引入钙钛矿太阳能电池的尝试。

The design, synthesis, and characterization of COFFAT and COFRad. (a) Synthetic routes of COFFAT and COFRad. (b) Schematic diagram of the interaction and charge transfer between COFs and perovskites (not to scale). (c) EPR spectra of COFFAT and COFRad powder. (d) DFT modeling of the interaction between the perovskite (100) plane with COFFAT. (e) Pb 4f XPS spectra of control and COFs-treated perovskite films. (f) I 3d XPS spectra of control and COFs-treated perovskite films.
主要实验及结论
研究团队首先通过胺醛缩合反应成功设计并合成了一种富电子的二维共价有机框架材料,随后通过简单的一步后氧化处理,在其框架和孔隙中引入了稳定离域的氮阳离子自由基,成功制备出自由基功能化的共价有机框架材料。这种新型材料由于自由基的引入,不仅大幅缩窄了光学带隙(从2.23 eV降至1.78 eV),显着增强了电荷转移能力,还优化了钙钛矿薄膜的能级排列。多项表征结果表明,该材料结构中丰富的配位位点能够与钙钛矿 precursor 溶液中的铅离子和碘离子产生强烈的路易斯酸碱相互作用及静电耦合,从而在初期加速钙钛矿的有效成核并减缓后续晶体生长,最终获得大晶粒、少晶界的优质薄膜。

The dynamics of perovskite nucleation and crystallization. (a) Schematic illustration of the formation processes for the perovskite film before and after COFs modification (not to scale). (b‒d) In situ PL spectra of the (b) control, (c) COFFAT-, and (d) COFRad-treated films during the spin-coating process. (e‒g) In situ PL spectra of the (e) control, (f) COFFAT-, and (g) COFRad-treated films during the annealing process.
为了实时监测晶体演化过程,研究人员采用了先进的原位光致发光光谱和原位广角X射线散射技术。原位测试结果直观地揭示了该共价有机框架材料在调控结晶动力学方面的卓越表现,它成功抑制了不稳定的黄相杂质,促进了黑相钙钛矿在室温下的快速形成,并显著增强了最终薄膜的结晶度。此外,高分辨透射电镜进一步证实了该二维框架材料主要均匀分布在钙钛矿的晶界处。这种结构嵌入与化学钝化的双重效应,使得薄膜内部的非辐射复合损耗被有效抑制,荧光寿命获得了大幅延长。

Characterization of the control, COFFAT- and COFRad-treated perovskite films. (a‒c) Top-view SEM images with inset showing the corresponding grain size distribution. (d‒f) The structural evolution monitored by azimuthally integrated in situ GIWAXS during heating from RT to 100 °C using the as-deposited thin films. (g) HRTEM image of COFRad-treated perovskite films, the inset is the SAED patterns. (h) The cross-sectional cryo-TEM image of the COFRad-treated perovskite films. (i) The dextral lattice fringe images collected from the corresponding regions in (h). (j) The corresponding intensity profile in (i).

Effect of COF doping on the photoelectric properties of perovskite films. (a–c) 2D TA spectra of the (a) control, (b) COFFAT, and (c) COFRad-added perovskite films. (d) Steady-state PL spectra of the control, COFFAT- and COFRad-treated perovskite films deposited on glass. (e) UPS spectra of the control and COFs-treated perovskite films. (f) The energy levels of the VBM and CBM obtained from the UPS spectra for the control and COFs-treated perovskite films.
在光电性能和器件测试方面,基于这种新型自由基共价有机框架材料制备的反式钙钛矿太阳能电池展现出了极为惊艳的性能表现。实验测得其实验室效率高达26.33%(经第三方权威机构认证的效率为25.98%),这是迄今为止报道的基于共价有机框架材料修饰的钙钛矿太阳能电池的最高效率之一。由于薄膜结晶质量的飞跃和晶界缺陷的完美钝化,器件的开路电压和填充因子获得了显著提升,且几乎不存在明显的迟滞现象。同时,电化学阻抗谱和暗电流测试也进一步证明了器件内部更低的串联电阻和更高的复合电阻,意味着载流子可以更加顺畅、高效地实现垂直提取。

Device structure and performance of the inverted PSC with COFs addition. (a) Device structure of the inverted PSC. (b) Cross-section SEM of the inverted PSC. (c) J–V curves of p–i–n PSCs at laboratory scale. (d) EQE curves of the COFRad-treated devices. (e) Efficiency statistics and (f) SPO curves of the control and COFs-treated devices. (g) Dependence of _V_oc on light intensity. (h) Nyquist plots and (i) Dark J–V curves. (j) Mott–Schottky plots. (k) Environmental stability at 20% relative humidity of controlled and COFs-treated devices. (l) Light stability of unencapsulated controlled and COFs-treated devices. m Thermal stability of controlled and COFs-treated devices.
除了效率的重大突破,自由基共价有机框架的引入还全方位巩固了器件在严苛环境下的长期稳定性。得益于该材料富含芳香环的疏水性骨架以及对晶界处离子迁移的有效阻隔,未封装的器件在85°C的高温热加速老化1000小时后,依然能够保持初始效率的88%。在20%相对湿度的大气环境以及持续的一太阳光照下长期运行,器件同样展现出了超越常规对照组的耐受力,展示出其在未来商业化大面积制造和实际应用中的巨大产业化潜力。
总结及展望
这项研究工作成功实现了自由基功能化共价有机框架材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池领域的首次集成应用。通过巧妙的结构设计与电荷状态调控,该多功能材料不仅完美解决了钙钛矿薄膜生长过程中的结晶控制与界面钝化难题,更在大幅提升电池能量转换效率的同时,为其长期运行稳定性提供了坚实的屏障。这一兼具基础科学意义与工程应用价值的创新成果,为未来开发高效、稳定的下一代新型光电器件以及光伏制造中的添加剂工程开辟了一条崭新的设计思路。