【Nat.Mater.】实现900%应变下电阻稳定，新型湿组织粘合双相生物电子突破糖尿病闭环治疗#

a, Schematic illustration of the ElHyX architecture. The elastomer phase is chemically modified with vinyl groups that participate in hydrogel polymerization, enabling seamless molecular-level integration. Conductive fillers such as EGaIn and graphite provide strain-insensitive conductivity and an electrochemically stable interface. A bioadhesive hydrogel ensures robust adhesion to wet tissue. b, Compared with conventional flexible electrodes, ElHyX eliminates the needs for sutures and enables secure, conformal integration onto soft, dynamic organs while supporting biomolecular sensing. c, Schematic of ElHyX implants applied to various organs for multimodal physiological monitoring and modulation. d, The ElHyX system can be manufactured rapidly at scale using DIW. Scale bar, 1 cm. e, Demonstrations of ElHyX adhesion and functional stability under large deformation (100% strain) and on an isolated rat heart. Scale bars, 1 cm. f, Photo of an integrated ElHyX device combining electrophysiological sensing, biomolecular monitoring and neural modulation for closed-loop disease management. Scale bar, 1 cm. g, Radar chart benchmarking ElHyX against other state-of-the-art implantable bioelectronic platforms across key materials and functionality metrics. The ElHyX system uniquely combines high stretchability, strain-insensitive performance, wet-tissue adhesion, multimodal physicochemical sensing and therapeutic feedback capabilities.#

a, Schematic of ElHyX formation via in situ hydrogel polymerization on a chemically modified elastomer. Water is removed from the hydrogel to form a DAL that rapidly absorbs interfacial moisture and forms hydrogen bonds with tissue. b, Cross-sectional SEM image of ElHyX, showing seamless integration between elastomer, conductive filler and hydrogel. Scale bar, 100 μm. c, Synthesis process of AESBS through epoxidation and acrylation of SBS. d, FTIR spectra of SBS, ESBS and AESBS. e, Photograph of ElHyX conformally adhered to a porcine heart. Scale bar, 1 cm. f, Stress–strain curves of hydrogels with and without ionic crosslinking. g, Comparison of adhesion performances of hydrogels with and without ionic crosslinks before and after swelling on porcine skin. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three samples. h, Tissue adhesion strength of the DAL on various biological tissues. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three samples. i, Photographs of EGaIn-SBS under 0%, 300% and 600% strain. Scale bar, 1 cm. j, Schematic and SEM images of EGaIn-SBS showing particle coalescence and activation of EGaIn-SBS after mechanical deformation. Scale bar, 50 μm. k, Schematic and cross-section SEM images of EGaIn-SBS under 0%, 50% and 200% strain. Scale bar, 50 μm. l, Relative resistance changes (R/_R_0) of EGaIn-SBS compared with silver-SBS composites under uniaxial strain. Inset, zoomed in to low-strain range. m, Relative resistance hysteresis of EGaIn-SBS over an 800% stretch–release cycle. n, Relative resistance changes of EGaIn-SBS over 1,000 cycles at 200% strain.#

a, Schematic of ElHyX biophysical and biochemical sensors. b, Cross-sectional SEM image of ElHyX ECG electrode structure. Scale bar, 100 μm. c, SEM image of printed elastomer composites used in sensor fabrication. Scale bars, 100 μm. d, Skin–electrode impedance comparison of graphite-AESBS electrodes with and without hydrogel, and commercial gel electrodes. e,f, ElHyX bioelectrical sensor under 0% and 100% strain for ECG (e) and EMG (f) recording on human participants. g, In vitro demonstration of ElHyX-based LED array functioning on a beating porcine heart. Scale bar, 5 cm. h,i, Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of 100 graphite-PB-SBS electrodes in 5 mM K3Fe(CN)6 (h) and statistic distribution of reduction peak current density and redox peak potential difference (i). j, Current peak densities of CVs of graphite-PB-SBS electrodes in 5 mM K3Fe(CN)6 under 0% (black) and 100% (red) strain, plotted against the square root of scan rates (_v_1/2). k, Amperometric calibration of graphite-PB electrodes with varying PB loadings in for H2O2 detection. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three sensors. l, Schematic of enzymatic glucose sensor immobilized on graphite-PB-SBS electrodes and overlaid with a PU diffusion-limiting layer. CE, counter electrode; WE, working electrode; RE, reference electrode. m, Amperometric calibration of ElHyX-based glucose sensors. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three sensors. Inset: linear calibration curve showing the relationship between the current response and glucose concentration. n, Strain-insensitive glucose detection under 0%, 50% and 100% strain. o, Representative live (green)/dead (red) images of HDFs seeded with and without ElHyX electrodes after 1-day, 4-day and 7-day culture. Scale bar, 100 μm. p, Quantitative analysis of metabolic activity over a 7-day culture period. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three samples.#

在体外细胞实验证实器件具有优秀生物相容性的基础上，研究人员将其植入大鼠体内开展多模态应用。器件直接粘合在跳动的大鼠心脏表面，连续24小时稳定获取高保真度的常规心电图信号。同时，将集成有葡萄糖氧化酶和普鲁士蓝的传感模块植入大鼠肋骨表面，成功实现了对组织间隙液中葡萄糖浓度的动态监测与精准捕捉。更重要的是，该柔性器件可直接包裹在大鼠坐骨神经上充当无缝神经电刺激袖带，通过输送可调幅度的电流成功触发了剂量依赖性的后肢屈曲运动，证实其在体内的生化监测与神经调制双重功效。

a, Schematic illustrating the implantation of ElHyX-based ECG sensor on the surface of a rat heart. b,c, Representative ECG waveforms recorded at 0 h and 24 h post-implantation. d, Schematic of an ElHyX glucose sensor implanted on the outer surface of the rib cage of a rat to detect interstitial glucose. e,f, Real-time glucose monitoring using ElHyX electrode immediately after implantation (e) and 24 h after implantation (f). A glucose dose (0.36 g kg⁻1) was administered via retro-orbital injection at the time indicated by the arrow. g, Schematic of ElHyX electrode wrapping around the sciatic nerve for electrical stimulation and motor response. h, Quantitative analysis of leg flexion angles in response to different electrical stimulation currents, showing a dose-dependent motor response. Error bars represent the s.d. of the mean from three trials. i, Photographs of rat hindlimb flexion under stimulation currents of 0.7 mA, 0.9 mA and 1.3 mA, respectively. j,k, Histological evaluation of surrounding tissues (j) and main organs (k) via H&E staining after 28 days of implantation. Scale bars, 100 μm. l, Immunofluorescence staining of inflammatory markers in tissue surrounding the implant at day 28. Green, red and blue represent lymphocyte (CD3), macrophages (CD68) and cell nuclei, respectively. Scale bar, 50 μm.#

a, Schematic of the closed-loop blood glucose management concept: food intake triggers increases in blood glucose and heart rate (HR), which are sensed in real time and used to initiate VNS for insulin modulation. b,c, Schematic (b) and photograph (c) of the multifunctional ElHyX device implanted in a diabetic rat, showing the ECG sensor attached to the heart, the glucose sensor on the outer rib surface, and nerve cuff wrapped around the vagus nerve. Scale bars, 5 mm. d, In vivo monitoring of blood glucose levels and heart rate following IP glucose injection without VNS. e, In vivo evaluation of blood glucose levels and heart rate following IP glucose injection with bilateral VNS. f, In vivo demonstration of closed-loop blood glucose management after IP glucose injection with selective eVNS.#