【Adv. Healthcare Mater. 】新型近红外2区荧光探针助力出血性疾病精准诊断
【Adv. Healthcare Mater. 】港中深唐本忠院士、华南理工王志明|分子工程调控AIE光敏剂:实现64.3%高光热转换效率的肿瘤精准诊疗新策略
文章标题:Molecular Engineering of AIE Photosensitizers for Enhanced Antitumor Phototheranostics
文章作者:Yin Li, Dong He, Luyao Liu, Lianghui Cheng, Xuanxuan Huang, Lin Chen, Yuxiang Wu, Ben Zhong Tang, Zhiming Wang
文章概要
肿瘤精准治疗亟需高效且低毒的诊疗一体化平台。研究团队提出了一种π桥与电子给体协同工程策略,对具有聚集诱导发光(AIE)特性的小分子光敏剂进行精准调控。通过逐步引入平面噻吩π桥和甲氧基给体,成功调节了激发的能量耗散途径,实现了从光动力治疗(PDT)、协同PDT/PTT到高效光热治疗(PTT)的连续调控。其中,优化的纳米颗粒实现了高达64.3%的光热转换效率,在体内外实验中均展现出卓越的肿瘤消融效果,为抗肿瘤光诊疗药物的分子设计提供了新思路。

Scheme 1 Schematic overview of the design strategy, nanoparticle formulation, and cancer phototheranostic applications of photothermal agents.
引言
癌症作为严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病,传统治疗手段常伴随组织创伤、免疫功能受损及耐药性等局限。光诊疗技术凭借高时空分辨率、微创性及诊疗一体化的优势,成为近年来肿瘤精准治疗的研究热点。然而,光动力治疗高度依赖肿瘤微环境中的氧气浓度,且临床常用光敏剂激活波长较短,组织穿透深度受限。相比之下,光热治疗(PTT)具备无氧依赖性与更深的红外光穿透能力,能够通过热效应有效消融缺氧肿瘤细胞。
目前小分子有机光热剂普遍面临吸收波长偏短、光热转换效率偏低以及光稳定性差等瓶颈。为了打破这一局限,研究人员致力于开发能够在单一分子平台上精准调控激发态能量分配的化学设计策略。通过合理重构分子内部的电子给体与受体相互作用,调控激发态非辐射跃迁与间隙跨越之间的竞争关系,是获得高性能光热诊疗材料的关键所在。
主要实验及结论
研究团队首先设计合成了三种具备不同供受体结构(D–A–D与D–π–A–π–D)的AIE光敏剂分子,分别命名为IsoTPA、IsoTHTPA和IsoTHTO。如Scheme 1所示,分子设计采用三苯胺作为多风车旋转给体以促进非辐射跃迁,引入异鲁米诺与马来酰亚胺作为强吸电子受体。在此基础上,通过逐步引入平面噻吩π桥与甲氧基电子给体,不仅有效增强了分子的平面性与刚性,还大幅增强了内电荷转移效应,驱动分子吸收与发射光谱发生显著红移。
Fig.1 (A) Absorption spectra of IsoTPA, IsoTHTPA, and IsoTHTO in DMF; (B) PL emission spectra of IsoTPA, IsoTHTPA and IsoTHTO in DMF; (C) Relative PL intensity variations of IsoTPA, IsoTHTPA, and IsoTHTO in DMF/water mixture with varying water fractions (Concentration: 10 × 10−6 M); Total ROS generation efficiency of (D) IsoTPA, (E) IsoTHTPA and IsoTHTO. The variation in relative PL intensity at 525 nm of DCFH-DA in the NPs state (fw = 90%) with increasing irradiation time (IsoTPA: white light 30 mW cm−2, IsoTHTPA and IsoTHTO: 660 nm laser 0.3 W cm−2, Concentration: 20 × 10−6 M); (F) Time-dependent photothermal performance of IsoTPA, IsoTHTPA, and IsoTHTO in the NPs state (fw = 90%) under 660 nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm−2). (Concentration: 10 × 10−6 M); (G) HOMO and LUMO energy levels of IsoTPA (left), IsoTHTPA (middle) and IsoTHTO (right) calculated by DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level; (H) Optimized ground state (S0) geometries.
光谱实验与密度泛函理论计算揭示了结构演变对光物理性能的深层影响。如图1所示,随着混合溶剂中水相比例增加,三种分子均表现出明显的聚集诱导发光(AIE)特性。在能量消耗竞争中,IsoTPA在白光照射下表现出高达133倍的活性氧(ROS)生成能力,属于典型的PDT模式。而引入噻吩π桥后,IsoTHTPA不仅保持了83倍的ROS生成,其光热升温达到21°C,展示出良好的协同PDT/PTT特性。进一步引入甲氧基的IsoTHTO则显著抑制了ROS生成,升温幅度达25°C,表现出极强的光热主导特性。理论计算表明,IsoTHTO具有最小的带隙(1.89 eV)和更高的激发态重组能,单重态下二面角扭转贡献了74%的重组能,极大地促进了非辐射跃迁散热。

Fig.2 (A) Absorption spectra of IsoTPA NPs, IsoTHTPA NPs, and IsoTHTO NPs in water (10 × 10−6 M); (B) PL emission spectra of IsoTPA NPs, IsoTHTPA NPs, and IsoTHTO NPs in water; The total ROS generation efficiency of (C) IsoTPA NPs, (D) IsoTHTPA NPs and IsoTHTO NPs. Plots of the relative PL intensity at 525 nm of DCFH-DA in water upon irradiation for different times (white light 30 mW cm−2 for IsoTPA NPs, 660 nm laser 0.3 W cm−2 for IsoTHTPA NPs and IsoTHTO NPs, Concentration: 20 × 10−6 M); (E) Photothermal performance of IsoTHTPA NPs and IsoTHTO NPs in water upon 660 nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm−2) for different times. (Concentration: 10 × 10−6 M); (F) Photothermal performance of IsoTHTO NPs at various concentrations under 660 nm laser irradiation (0.3 W cm−2) for 300 s; (G) Photothermal performance under different power densities (Concentration: 100 µM); Photothermal curves of (H) IsoTHTPA NPs and (I) IsoTHTO NPs subjected to five 660 nm laser irradiation on/off cycles at 0.3 W cm−2.
为了满足生物应用需求,研究人员利用DSPE-PEG2000将分子封装为尺寸约67至70纳米的水分散性纳米颗粒。如图2所示,纳米封装后的IsoTHTPA NPs与IsoTHTO NPs在800 nm范围内表现出良好的吸收延伸,具备在660 nm近红外激光激发的条件。在光热性能测试中,IsoTHTPA NPs与IsoTHTO NPs的光热转换效率分别达到了57.2%和64.3%。此外,两种纳米颗粒在经过五次升降温循环后仍保持稳定的升温平台,证实了其出色的光稳定性与热稳定性。

Fig.3 Viability of 4T1 cells after incubation with varying concentrations of (A) IsoTPA NPs, (B) IsoTHTPA NPs, and (C) IsoTHTO NPs under non-irradiated (dark) and irradiated conditions (IsoTPA NPs: white light 30 mW cm−2, IsoTHTPA NPs and IsoTHTO NPs: 660 nm laser 0.3 W cm−2, Concentration: 20 × 10−6 M); Representative confocal images of ROS levels in 4T1 cells stained with DCFH-DA following treatment with (D) IsoTPA NPs, (E) IsoTHTPA NPs and (F) IsoTHTO NPs (Concentration: 20 × 10−6 M); scale bar = 20 µm; Fluorescence images of 4T1 cells co-stained with Calcein-AM and PI after different PDT and PTT treatments using (G) IsoTPA NPs, (H) IsoTHTPA NPs and (I) IsoTHTO NPs, scale bar = 50 µm.
细胞层面与动物体内的实验进一步验证了其临床应用潜能。如图3所示,共聚焦显微成像与活性检测表明,三种纳米颗粒在无光照条件下均无明显毒性,表现出优异的生物相容性。而在660 nm激光照射下,IsoTHTO NPs对4T1乳腺癌细胞表现出最强的杀伤力,IC50低至0.8 μM。如图4所示,在4T1荷瘤小鼠模型中,通过小动物红外热成像观察到,局部注射IsoTHTO NPs并在660 nm激光照射下,肿瘤部位温度快速上升了30°C。为期14天的治疗实验表明,IsoTHTO NPs光热治疗组的小鼠肿瘤实现了完全消融且无复发迹象。组织学及血液学分析均未发现内脏器官损伤与毒副作用,证明了该体系高度的治疗安全性。

Fig.4 (A) In vivo photothermal images and (B) heating curves of PBS, IsoTHTPA NPs, and IsoTHTO NPs groups under 660 nm laser irradiation over time. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3; statistical significance: ***P<0.001; (C) Tumor images taken on day 14 following various treatments (n = 6). Black circles indicate complete tumor regression. (D) Tumor growth profiles in mice over the course of treatment with different days; statistical significance: **P<0.01; (E) H&E staining of tumor sections obtained from mice in various treatment groups following 14 days of treatment (scale bar 20 µm).
总结及展望
本研究成功构建了一种基于π桥与电子给体协同调控的AIE光敏剂分子体系,通过精细设计实现了分子激发态能量耗散途径的连续可调,成功获得了光热转换效率高达64.3%的高效肿瘤光热诊疗制剂。该工作不仅澄清了辐射跃迁、间隙跨越与非辐射跃迁之间的竞争机制,更为分子功能导向的精准抗肿瘤诊疗药物设计提供了可借鉴的范式。展望未来,研究团队计划进一步将分子吸收波长拓展至穿透性更强的近红外二区(NIR-II)窗口,并结合活性靶向配体,推动其在深部肿瘤消融中的临床转化应用。
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