【Inorg.Chem.】广西大学朱忠洪|阳离子功能化镧系金属有机框架:可调发光、上转换发光及高效活性氧暴风生成与光动力抗菌应用(抑菌圈达3.10 cm与4.63 cm)
【Inorg.Chem.】广西大学朱忠洪|阳离子功能化镧系金属有机框架:可调发光、上转换发光及高效活性氧暴风生成与光动力抗菌应用(抑菌圈达3.10 cm与4.63 cm)
文章标题:Cations Functionalized Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks: Tunable Luminescence, Upconversion Luminescence, and Efficient Reactive Oxygen Species Storm Generation for Photodynamic Antibacterial Applications
文章作者:Ying Gong, De-Xin Chen, Fan Yang, Hai-Ling Wang, Hua-Hong Zou, Zhong-Hong Zhu

第一部分:研究动因
镧系金属有机框架(Ln-MOFs)因具有独特的4f电子构型、大斯托克斯位移、长荧光寿命和高色纯度,在荧光传感、生物成像和光动力治疗等领域备受关注。镧系离子的重原子效应能显著促进系间跨越(ISC)过程,使Ln-MOFs成为构建高效光敏剂的优异候选材料。然而,Ln-MOFs在光动力抗菌领域的应用仍处于早期阶段,且在同一配体骨架上通过精准调控金属节点来实现智能发光与高效活性氧(ROS)暴风生成之间的定向切换极其困难且十分罕见。为此,本研究利用阳离子配体1,3-双(4-羧基苯基)咪唑鎓氯化物()与镧系硝酸盐,溶热合成了系列阳离子功能化Ln-MOFs(Cl-Ln-MOFs,Ln = Eu、Tb、Gd),旨在构建兼具可调发光、上转换发光与高效光动力抗菌功能的复合材料平台,为开发新型多功能光动力抗菌材料提供新思路。

Fig.1 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of Cl–Eu-MOFs and Cl-HOF. (b) Structural diagram of the Cl–Eu-MOF. (c) Three-dimensional stacked structure of the Cl–Eu-MOF. (d) Cl–Eu-MOF topology connection mode. (e) Structural diagram of Cl-HOF. (f, g) Hydrogen bond network diagrams of Cl-HOF in the aggregated state.
第二部分:研究实施方案与关键实验结果
整体技术路线与核心方法
本研究以阳离子配体与镧系硝酸盐(Eu、Tb、Gd)为原料,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水混合溶剂中经80 °C溶热反应24小时构建了具有三维3,5,8-连接拓扑结构的阳离子镧系金属有机框架(Cl-Ln-MOFs);同时通过调整配体与金属盐比例(1<2>2>)及溶剂系统,成功分离出由5种强氢键构筑的三维氢键有机框架(Cl-HOF)。研究采用了金属节点调控与杂金属共掺杂策略:利用铕/铽离子配位实现多色发光调控,利用钆离子的强重原子效应放大自旋-轨道耦合以大幅提升系间跨越效率,结合阳离子配体促进电荷分离及多孔结构增大与氧气接触面积,协同诱导产生活性氧;此外,通过引入镱离子作为敏化剂,实现了980 nm近红外光激发下的上转换发光。
实验验证与关键结果
实验通过单晶与粉末X射线衍射、红外光谱及热重分析确定了材料晶体结构与稳定性,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)定量分析掺杂比例。在发光性能测试中,Cl-Eu-MOF与Cl-Tb-MOF分别展现出典型的铕(荧光寿命890.8 s,量子产率8.14%)和铽(荧光寿命807.4 s,量子产率45.65%)指纹发光,且Cl-Eu-MOF具备热响应发光猝灭特性。异金属共掺杂研究显示,铽离子主要作为能量传递介质将能量转移给铕离子,只有当铽离子掺杂比例超过80%时才显著显现铽的特征发射,明确了80%掺杂量为发光调控的关键节点;上转换发光测试证实-MOF的近红外上转换过程为双光子吸收过程。在活性氧生成测试中,Cl-Gd-MOF在60 mW·cm⁻²低功率光照54秒后使DCFH探针荧光强度暴涨约26倍,配合ABDA(降解速率0.011 s⁻¹)与DHR 123探针(荧光强度提升约47倍)及电子顺磁共振(EPR)光谱,证实其能高效产生单线态氧()和超氧阴离子自由基()。光动力抗菌实验表明,Cl-Gd-MOF光照10分钟对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌展现出优异的抑菌效果,平均抑菌圈直径分别达到3.10 cm和4.63 cm。

Fig.2 (a) Emission spectrum of solid-state Cl–Eu-MOFs under 392 nm excitation. (b) Luminescence spectrum of solid-state Cl–Tb-MOFs under 365 nm excitation. (c) Excitation-dependent three-dimensional emission spectra of the solid-state Cl–Eu-MOF. (d) Excitation-dependent three-dimensional emission spectra of the solid-state Cl–Tb-MOF. (e) Luminescence images of Cl–Eu-MOF, Cl–Tb-MOF, and bimetallic-doped EuxTb(1–x)-MOFs under 365 nm UV light irradiation. (f, g) Relationship between Eu(III) and Tb(III) contents and characteristic emission intensities in solid-state EuxTb(1–x)-MOFs. (h) Temperature-dependent emission spectra of the solid-state Cl–Eu-MOF. (i, j) Power-dependent UCL spectra of Tb0.3Yb0.7-MOFs and Eu0.3Yb0.7-MOFs (λex = 980 nm, room temperature). (k) Schematic diagram of upconversion between Tb0.3Yb0.7-MOFs and Eu0.3Yb0.7-MOFs.

Fig.3 (a) Schematic diagram of Jablonski energy levels. (b) Changes in fluorescence intensity of DCFH under illumination. (c) Changes in fluorescence intensity of DCFH under illumination after the addition of Cl–Gd-MOFs. (d) Monitor the ROS generation capacity of Cl–Gd-MOFs under illumination conditions using DCFH. (e) Changes in the absorption intensity of ABDA under illumination conditions. (f) Changes in the absorption intensity of ABDA under illumination after the addition of Cl–Gd-MOFs. (g) The 1O2 generation rate of Cl–Gd-MOFs under illumination was monitored using ABDA. (h) Changes in fluorescence intensity of DHR 123 under illumination conditions. (i) Changes in fluorescence intensity of DHR 123 under illumination after the addition of Cl–Gd-MOFs. (j) The ability of Cl–Gd-MOFs to generate •O2– under illumination was monitored using DHR 123.

Fig.4 (a) EPR results of Cl–Gd-MOFs and the control group under different ROS indicator conditions. (b) Schematic diagram of ROS generated by Cl–Gd-MOFs under light for sterilization. (c) Average diameter of the inhibition zone of Cl–Gd-MOFs against S. aureus and E. coli. (d, e) Plate images of the antibacterial activity of Cl–Gd-MOFs against S. aureus and E. coli and the size of its inhibition zone.
第三部分:创新与提升
本文的核心创新在于成功设计并合成了阳离子功能化的Cl-Ln-MOFs体系,首次在同一配体骨架上通过金属节点切换(Eu、Tb、Gd)实现了从可调发光、上转换发光到高效活性氧暴风生成的多元功能集成,并拓展了Cl-HOF的新型合成途径。在性能提升方面,材料在60 mW·cm⁻²低功率光照下即可触发高达47倍的活性氧荧光响应提升,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别达3.10 cm和4.63 cm,精准回应了现有Ln-MOFs在光动力抗菌中ROS生成效率低、功能单一的痛点。论文实验数据亦证实材料水浸泡后晶体结构保持不变,具备出色的水稳定性与实际应用潜力。
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