【JACS】苏州大学张正彪、沈航|机械力触发24.5%高转化率:通过弯曲活化直接制备共轭聚合物与荧光报告系统
文章标题: Mechanochemical Synthesis and Fluorescence Reporting of Conjugated Polymers through Flex-Activation
通讯作者: Hang Shen, Zhengbiao Zhang

文章概要
引言
高分子机械化学通过将机械能转化为化学信号,为设计自适应功能材料开辟了新途径。其中,利用机械力诱导产生共轭聚合物在电子器件和传感领域具有巨大潜力,但目前该领域面临活化产率低、在大块固体材料中难以定量分析等瓶颈。虽然此前已有基于阶梯烯(ladderene)的力敏团研究,但其合成极其复杂且难以规模化。相比之下,基于键弯曲机制的“弯曲活化”力敏团具有独特优势,它能在不破坏大分子主链完整性的前提下实现重复活化,并释放出功能性小分子。为了克服现有弯曲活化系统效率不足(通常低于9%)的问题,本研究设计了一种新型力敏团,旨在实现高效、可定量的共轭结构制备。

Figure 1. (a) Mechanically generated conjugated polymers through “unzipping” of ladder-type mechanophores. (b) Schematic diagram of the flex-activation mechanism. (c) Mechanically generated conjugated polymer through flex-activation of benzotricyclodecatriene-based mechanophores.
主要实验及结论
研究团队受聚乙炔前体结构的启发,开发了一种基于苯并三环癸三烯(BTCD) 的新型弯曲活化力敏团。通过简便的狄尔斯-阿尔德反应可实现单体的多克级合成,随后利用开环易位聚合(ROMP)制备了一系列不同分子量的线性聚合物。实验证明,当这些聚合物处于球磨(Ball Milling) 状态时,复杂的机械应力能够有效耦合到力敏团的键角弯曲中,触发逆狄尔斯-阿尔德反应。这一过程会同步产生两个关键产物:一是释放出具有荧光特性的小分子报告基团1,4-双(己氧基)萘(BHN),二是生成半导体性质的聚乙炔片段。

Scheme 1. Synthetic Route of Mechanoresponsive Polymer Poly(BTCD)

Figure 2. (a) Schematic illustration of ball milling of a poly(BTCD) sample ( = 44.5 kDa, 300 mg) in a zirconia jar (10 mL) with two zirconia balls (10 mm diameter) for 1.5 h. The inset shows optical photographs of the fabricated polymer films before and after ball milling. (b) Normalized UV–vis spectra and (c) fluorescence spectra of the BHN small molecule (0.35 mM), pristine polymer (1 mg/mL), and extract from the milled polymer. (d) GC chromatograms of the BHN small molecule and the milled polymer extract. (e) Raman spectrum of the whole milled polymer. (f) UV–vis spectra of the whole milled polymer (1 mg/mL) and pristine polymer (1 mg/mL). The inset shows optical photographs of the polymer solutions before and after ball milling.

Figure 3. 1H NMR spectra of the BHN reference, the whole milled poly(BTCD) sample, and the pristine polymer. The polymer sample ( = 44.5 kDa) was milled in a zirconia jar (10 mL) for 1.5 h.
在定量分析方面,释放出的BHN小分子成为了监测反应进程的天然“传感器”。通过核磁共振(NMR)光谱定量发现,在单次球磨运行中,该系统的机械力活化转化率最高可达24.5%,这一数值显著高于以往报道的同类系统。研究进一步揭示了反应动力学与机械刺激条件的关系:活化效率与球磨时间和聚合物的初始分子量均呈正相关,证明了该反应的力化学本质。此外,生成的聚乙炔片段赋予了材料明显的力致变色特性(从浅黄色变为深棕色),并使其电导率提升至。该机制在交联网络结构的单轴压缩实验中也得到了验证,展示了其在不发生宏观断裂的情况下进行多次迭代活化的能力。

Figure 5. Conductivities of poly(BTCD)s with different molecular weights. Polymer samples (300 mg) in a zirconia jar (10 mL) were processed by pulsed ball milling for a total duration of 1.5 h.

Figure 6. (a) Synthesis of cross-linked poly(BTCD). (b) Relationship between the activation percentage and the number of compression cycles (each cycle was applied at 512 MPa for 5 min, followed by folding). (c) Dependence of activation percentage on compression pressure (3 compressed cycles applied). Error bars represent the standard deviations from three independent experiments.

Figure 7. (a) Schematic illustration of the structural evolution during DFT calculations. (b) Energy profile of the mechanophore as a function of constrained angle θ1, calculated using the modified CoGEF method at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. (c) Correlation between the highlighted interatomic distance (R) and constrained angle θ1. (d) Correlation between the highlighted dihedral angle (θ3) and the constrained angle θ1.
总结及展望
本研究成功开发了一种高效的BTCD基弯曲活化力敏团,首次在大块线性聚合物中实现了共轭结构的机械化学高效合成。这种设计巧妙地结合了双重输出功能:生成的聚乙炔片段提供了电学和变色响应,而释放的小分子则实现了精准的荧光定量分析。这种在保持聚合物骨架完整性的同时调节材料光电性能的策略,为开发新型自适应电子器件、应力传感器以及智能信号传递材料提供了重要的设计思路和实验依据。未来,这种高效的力化学转化机制有望在更广泛的柔性智能材料领域得到应用。