【JACS】六个薁单元与NIR-II超强吸收:科学家合成C66新型非苯环多环芳烃,吸收边界延至1450nm
通讯作者: Bartłomiej Pigulski

文章概要
引言
开发在第二近红外窗口(NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) 具有强且可调吸收的小分子染料是光电子学和生物医学领域的重大挑战。传统的纳米石墨烯多基于苯环结构,而引入包含五元环和七元环的非苯环拓扑结构(如薁单元)能有效缩小分子能隙,产生独特的电子性质。尽管薁基框架极具潜力,但由于缺乏高效的合成策略,在单一分子中融合多个薁单元仍极其困难。此前文献报道的单分子结构中薁单元数量最多仅为四个。本研究报道了一种名为2-diMes的C66多环芳烃(PAH),它是首个在全共轭框架中嵌入六个薁亚单元的非苯环拓扑分子,作为六苯并苝(HBP)的纯烃类似物,展示了极小的能隙和优异的光声成像潜力。

Figure 1. Examples of monodispersed azulene-embedded PAHs, 2-diMes, and their optical absorption.
主要实验及结论
研究团队受经典的六苯并冠醚合成启发,利用薁单元1、3位的氧化活性,设计并合成了含有受阻取代基的5,7-二均三甲苯基薁前驱体。通过六倍苏木基偶联反应与六溴苯结合,随后进行Scholl型氧化环脱氢反应,成功分离出目标产物。实验发现,利用DDQ作为氧化剂可以精确控制反应停留在形成四个新碳碳键的阶段,这一选择性通过DFT计算中自由基阳离子的自旋密度分布得到了验证。X射线单晶衍射确证了分子具有显著扭曲的瓦普(warped)几何结构,这种低对称性与其优异的光学性质密切相关。

Scheme 1. Synthesis of PAH 2-diMes Containing Six Azulene Subunits

Figure 2. Aromatic region of the 1H NMR spectrum of 2-diMes (C6D6, 500 MHz, 300 K).

Figure 3. Molecular structures of (a) 7-diMes and (b) 2-diMes; ellipsoids set at 50% probability, mesityl substituents presented as a wireframe and hydrogens omitted for clarity, disorder omitted for clarity. (c) Selected bond lengths (Å) for 2-diMes (black); dihedral angles between planes of terminal rings of [5]helicenes (red), mesityl groups omitted for clarity. (d) Side view of 2-diMes; mesityl groups and hydrogens omitted for clarity.
在光物理性质方面,2-diMes在二氯甲烷中表现出极强的近红外吸收,最大吸收峰位于1151 nm,吸收边界延伸至1450 nm(0.85 eV)。其电化学带隙仅为1.13 V,是目前已报道的闭壳层中性纯烃中最小的数值之一。DFT计算表明,这种超低能隙来源于薁单元电子结构的保留以及分子内的电荷转移特性。此外,该分子表现出极高的光化学稳定性,在强激光连续照射一小时后光声信号未见衰减,这使其成为性能优异的NIR-II光声染料。研究还发现该分子对碱金属阳离子(如钠、铯)具有显著的受体特性,能够通过阳离子-π相互作用形成络合物,展示了其在光学传感器领域的应用前景。通过化学氧化,该分子的自由基阳离子吸收甚至可以进一步红移至3200 nm以外。

Figure 4. (a) UV/vis/NIR absorption spectra of 7-diMes and 2-diMes (CH2Cl2, 20 °C, c ∼ 10–6 M–1). (b) Charge density difference (CDD) plot for the S0 → S1 transition; B3LYP/6–31G(d,p), isovalue 0.0004 au for CDD. Green (positive) and red (negative) regions, respectively, represent decreases and increases of the electron density after electronic excitation. (c) DFT-calculated (black, B3LYP/6–31G(d,p), isovalue 0.05 A–3) and experimental energies of HOMO and LUMO orbitals of 2-diMes calculated using the experimentally determined redox potentials ( = −( + 4.8 eV) and = −( + 4.8 eV)) and the energy level of Fc/Fc+ with respect to the vacuum level (−4.8 eV).

Figure 5. (a) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs, black) and differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs, red) of 2-diMes (0.1 M [NBu4][PF6] in CH2Cl2). (b) UV/vis/NIR spectra of 2-diMes upon titration using “magic blue” (tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate), CH2Cl2, 20 °C.

Figure 6. NICS(1)zz values of 2-diMes, [2-diMes]****•+, and [2-diMes]****2+; (U)B3LYP/6–31g(d,p).

Figure 7. (a) Photothermal response spectra of the 2-diMes thin film and DCM solution measured using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). (b) Photostability test performed on a thin film of 2-diMes upon intense illumination in a highly absorbing spectral region.

- Figure 8. (a) UV/vis titration spectra of 2-diMes with Cs+ as the representative example of an alkali cation (THF:H2O = 1/1 v/v, c = 2·10–5 M). (b) ESP plots of 2-diMes (B3LYP/6–31G(d,p), isovalue 0.004 au, top and side views).
总结及展望
这项工作确立了利用Scholl氧化策略构建含有多个薁单元的非苯环多环芳烃的强大威力。2-diMes的成功合成为理解非苯环碳同素异形体的结构与性质关系提供了关键模型。由于其结合了极窄的带隙、优异的光热转换效率、良好的溶解性以及出色的稳定性,这种薁富集型纳米石墨烯在下一代近红外器件、氧化还原可调功能材料以及诊疗一体化(Theranostics)应用中展现出巨大潜力。未来将这一合成策略扩展到更大、更复杂的拓扑结构,将进一步拓宽非苯环碳材料在光电子学领域的疆界。