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【JACS】刷新纪录!1.47 lp/mm空间分辨率,首款TADF杂化铜基闪烁体实现中子/X射线双模成像

文章标题: Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Hybrid Copper(I) Iodide Scintillator for Fast Neutron and X-ray Imaging

通讯作者: Qingsong Hu, Linyue Liu, Jiawen Xiao, Omar F. Mohammed

文章链接: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c03617

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文章概要

本文报道了一种新型环保无铅的有机-无机杂化闪烁体材料PPDCuI。该研究通过分子层级的巧妙设计,首次在杂化碘化铜体系中利用热激活延迟荧光(TADF) 机制,成功实现了对快中子X射线的高性能双模成像。该材料不仅具有极高的发光效率,更在快中子成像分辨率上打破了无铅闪烁体的历史纪录,为下一代低成本、高精度的辐射探测成像技术开辟了新路径。

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Figure 1. (a) Crystal structure of PPDCuI (molecular formula C24H40N8P6O12Cu4I6; PPD = p-phenylenediamine) viewed along the a-axis (left). Structure of [PPDH]2+ and [PO2]− (upper right). Detailed view of [Cu4I6]2– aggregation (low right). (b) Normalized photoluminescence (PL) excitation (PLE), PL, and radioluminescence (RL) spectra of PPDCuI. (c) PL (left) and RL (right) lifetimes of PPDCuI. (d) Temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of PPDCuI (T = 100 to 300 K). (e) Temperature-dependent PL (TDPL) of PPDCuI (T = 100 to 300 K) excited at 370 nm. (f) Lifetimes of TDPL monitored at 550 nm (T = 100 to 300 K) and the fitted curve of the Boltzmann equation.

引言

在现代安全检测、无损探伤及医疗诊断领域,快中子成像与X射线成像具有极强的互补性。X射线擅长探测高密度金属结构,而快中子则对氢等轻元素极其敏感,能够穿透重金属探测内部的有机物。然而,现有的闪烁体材料往往难以兼顾两种成像模式,且高性能探测器常依赖铅等有毒金属,带来了环境与生物安全隐患。此外,传统无机闪烁体在中子探测效率上较低,而有机材料又存在背景干扰强、信号区分难等问题。因此,开发一种无铅、高效且具备多功能成像能力的单一闪烁材料成为了化学与材料科学领域极具挑战性的课题。

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Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of the fast neutron excitation of PPDCuI to produce radioluminescence (RL). (b) Hydrogen atom concentration of neutron scintillators. (c) Macroscopic cross sections of scintillators toward neutrons. (d) Photograph of a tungsten line-pair standard test pattern plate. Spatial resolutions corresponding to regions I and II are 1.35 and 1.55 lp/mm, respectively. (e) Fast neutron image of the PPDCuI wafer for a standard test pattern plate. (f) Modulation transfer function (MTF) curve for the PPDCuI wafer. (g) Recently reported spatial resolutions of neutron scintillators in hybrid materials. (h) Deposited energies of different neutron energies (1–14 MeV) versus thicknesses (1–10 mm).

主要实验及结论

研究团队通过溶液法合成了具有独特层状结构的PPDCuI单晶及粉末。这种材料在紫外光激发下展现出亮眼的黄色荧光,其光致发光量子效率(PLQY)高达97.65%。通过变温光谱分析,研究人员证实了其发光机制属于热激活延迟荧光(TADF)。这种机制的关键在于材料具有极小的单三线态能隙,能够利用声子辅助将非辐射跃迁的三线态激子转化为辐射复合的单线态激子,从而显著提升光产额。

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Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of the X-ray excitation of PPDCuI to produce radioluminescence (RL). (b) Effective atomic numbers of some representative scintillators. (c) Calculated X-ray mass absorption coefficients (μm) of PPDCuI, LYSO:Ce, BGO, and LuAG:Ce scintillators as a function of the photon energy from 1 to 200 keV. (d) RL spectra of BGO and PPDCuI. (e) RL intensity of the PPDCuI scintillator as a function of the X-ray dose. (f) Modulation transfer function (MTF) curve for the PPDCuI@PMMA scintillator. The inset shows the X-ray edge image used for the MTF calculation. (g) X-ray image of a standard line-pair card and a partial enlarged detail of the line-pair card imaging. Photographs and X-ray images of a spring encapsulated in a capsule, a ballpoint pen, and a chip. The scale bar is 1.0 cm.

快中子成像实验中,PPDCuI展现出了卓越的性能。材料中富含氢元素的有机骨架充当中子慢化剂,通过碰撞产生回弹质子,随后激发无机核心发光。实验结果显示,PPDCuI晶片在1至14 MeV能量范围内的快中子照射下,实现了高达1.47 lp/mm的空间分辨率。这一数值不仅远超传统的钙钛矿基闪烁体,更是目前已报道的无铅类闪烁体中的最高水平。同时,该材料表现出良好的线性响应和中子能量区分能力。

X射线成像方面,由于碘和铜等重元素的存在,材料具备极强的辐射衰减能力。实验测得其X射线光产额达到约42,000 photons/MeV,这一表现优于大多数商用无机闪烁体。通过将该材料与PMMA复合制成的柔性薄膜,在X射线成像中达到了25.8 lp/mm的极高空间分辨率,能够清晰地显示出微芯片内部微米级的电路结构。此外,该材料展现出优异的耐辐照稳定性和环境稳定性,在空气中放置一个月后仍能保持90%以上的发光性能。

总结及展望

这项研究成功构建了首个基于TADF机制的杂化碘化铜快中子闪烁体,在解决高性能成像与环保需求之间的矛盾上取得了重大突破。PPDCuI材料凭借其高氢含量、强X射线吸收能力以及独特的激子转化路径,在双模成像领域树立了新的标杆。这种低成本、易于大面积加工且环境友好的闪烁体材料,未来有望在航空航天材料测试、反恐安检以及复杂工业结构的无损检测中发挥核心作用,为先进辐射探测技术的发展提供了重要的科学支撑。