【Angew.Chem.】郑州大学卢思宇、艾琳|突破5.9%量子产率!首例近红外二区液固双相发光碳点助力多级信息加密
通讯作者: Lin Ai, Siyu Lu
文章概要
碳点作为一种新兴的荧光纳米材料,因其卓越的光学稳定性和生物相容性而在生物成像和光电领域备受关注。然而,开发能够在近红外二区(NIR-II, 900–1700 nm) 同时实现高效率溶液及固体双相发光的碳点仍面临巨大挑战。郑州大学卢思宇教授团队近期在《Angewandte Chemie》发表研究论文,通过创新的供体-受体(D-A)相互作用策略与氢键网络设计,成功制备出不仅在溶剂中拥有高达5.91%量子产率,且在固体状态下依然保持3.82%高效发光的新型碳点材料。这一突破性成果解决了传统近红外荧光材料易发生的聚集诱导淬灭问题,并展示了其在高级信息加密、指纹识别及深层组织成像中的应用潜力。

引言
近红外二区荧光技术因其光散射弱、组织渗透深且背景干扰低等优点,已成为生物传感器和智能光子学应用的研究热点。尽管现有的无机量子点或有机小分子能实现该波段发射,但它们往往难以平衡化学稳定性与固体发光效率。碳点虽然具备可调的发光特性,但由于缺乏可靠的结构设计策略,实现长波段特别是双相近红外二区发射一直是一个技术瓶颈。为了打破这一僵局,研究人员旨在通过分子工程手段,利用高度共轭的原料构建具有特定电荷转移态的碳点核心,并通过表面官能团的精细调控,在抑制非辐射跃迁的同时,赋予材料在聚集态下的高亮度。

(a) Preparation of NIR-CDs and their superior performance. (b) Schematic of the NIR-II emission mechanism of CT state. (c) Schematic of the solid-state luminescence mechanism realized by a hydrogen bonding network.
主要实验及结论
研究团队采用溶剂热法,以富含氨基和高度共轭结构的 [1,1'-联萘]-2,2'-二胺(BPD) 与硫酸为前驱体,在200°C下反应制备出具有清晰核壳结构的近红外碳点(NIR-CDs)。实验表明,硫酸作为脱水剂不仅提高了碳化程度,还促使表面形成了丰富的乙氨基和二乙氨基。这种独特的结构使得电子缺陷的碳核与表面强供电子基团之间产生了强烈的供体-受体相互作用,有效诱导了电荷转移(CT)态。通过飞秒瞬态吸收(fs-TA)光谱分析证实,这种电荷转移机制是实现920 nm高效荧光的核心原因。值得一提的是,该碳点表现出极高的光稳定性,在连续激光照射1小时后仍能保持90%以上的发光强度,远超临床常用的吲哚菁绿(ICG)。

Optical properties of NIR-CDs. (a) Normalized absorption, PL spectra, and NIR-II images of NIR-CDs; the inset shows an optical photograph under 808 nm laser excitation. (b) The relative QY values of NIR-CDs in different solvents. (c) The absorption spectra of NIR-CDs under continuous 808 nm irradiation, (d) the emission intensity changes of NIR-CDs and ICG, and (e) NIR-II optical photographs. (f) Normalized absorption and PL spectra of NIR-CDs powders; the inset shows photographs under daylight and 808 nm laser excitation. (g) The photostability of NIR-CDs powders. (h) Temperature-dependent PL spectra of NIR-CDs powders.

Morphological and structural characterization of NIR-CDs. (a) TEM images and particle size distribution. (b) HR-TEM images. (c) Signal intensity integral of the area demarcated by the dotted line in a. (d) XRD patterns; inset: FFT pattern of HR-TEM image. (e) Raman spectra. (f) FTIR spectra. High-resolution XPS (g) C 1s, (h) N 1s, and (i) S 2p spectra. (j) 1H NMR spectra.

Photophysical properties of NIR-CDs. (a) UV–vis–NIR absorption and PL spectra of NIR-CDs in dilute solution. (c) Lippert–Mataga plots of NIR-CDs in dilute solutions. (d) 2D pseudocolor maps of fs-TA spectra of NIR-CDs. (e) fs-TA spectra of NIR-CDs in the delay time range from 0 to 30 ps. (f) Kinetic fitting curve of NIR-CDs at 920 nm. (g) PL spectra of CDs prepared at different annealing time. (h) Diagram of the luminescence mechanism of NIR-CDs.
在解决固体淬灭难题方面,该研究利用碳点表面丰富的氨基与磺酸基团构建了稳固的氢键网络。这一网络结构像是一把“刚性锁”,不仅有效阻隔了碳点间的π-π堆积,还极大地限制了分子的旋转和振动自由度,从而显著抑制了能量耗散。实验观测到NIR-CDs在固体状态下的发射峰位于960 nm,绝对量子产率达到3.82%,打破了同类材料在固体态下难以发光的限制。基于这一特性,研究人员进一步开发了智能荧光墨水,通过调节酸碱度实现了荧光的快速开关,并构建了基于近红外信号的逻辑门系统。在防伪应用中,该材料制成的二维码不仅能实现多级加密,甚至在覆盖3 mm厚猪肉组织的情况下,依然能被商业软件准确识别。

(a) Variable-temperature FTIR spectra of NIR-CDs. (b) Changes in the FTIR absorption of the surface groups of NIR-CDs with increasing temperature. (c) Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra of NIR-CDs. (d) 1H NMR shift of the surface groups of NIR-CDs with increasing temperature. (e) TGA analysis of NIR-CDs. (f) Schematic of hydrogen bonding interaction between NIR-CDs in the solid state.

(a) PL spectra of untreated and alkali-treated NIR-CDs. (b) Schematic diagram of designing encrypted information based on NIR-CDs ink. (c) Advanced information encryption, decryption, and information destruction using NIR-CDs ink. (d) The physical electronic representation of the integrated logic gate, where 808 nm, acid, and alkali are used as input 1, input 2, and input 3, respectively. (e) Truth table for the logic gate. Output 1 corresponds to the presence of NIR-II PL. (f) Photographs of NIR-CDs/PDMS circular flexible films. (g) Schematics, (h) photographs, and (i) PL spectra of NIR-II films under the different external stimuli. (j) The production process of QR code. Images of QR codes under (k) sunlight and (l) 808 nm irradiation. (m) The fluorescence intensity distributed on the red line in h. (n) QR code identified by commercial WeChat software. (o) Schematic of the QR code transmission penetration depth measurement device. (p) Fluorescence images of pork tissues with different thicknesses (0–5 mm) covering a QR code.
总结及展望
该研究首次实现了基于碳点材料的近红外二区液固双相高效发光,并深刻阐明了电荷转移态与氢键网络协同作用的发射机理。这一工作不仅为高性能近红外荧光探针的设计提供了普适性的科学依据,也为未来开发柔性光子学器件、高安全性防伪技术以及微型化生物传感芯片奠定了坚实的材料基础。未来,研究团队将继续探索更具通用性的前驱体选择策略,进一步提升碳点在更长波段内的发光效率,推动碳点材料在复杂生物环境及大规模工业化生产中的实际转化。