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【JACS】北京大学孙聆东、上海应用技术大学张睿等|揭秘Cr3+掺杂氧化物中罕见的窄带近红外发光:红移至767nm的奥秘

文章标题: Origin of the Unusual Narrowband Near-Infrared Emission from Cr3+-Doped Oxides

通讯作者: Wenge Xiao,Rui Zhang, Ling-Dong Sun

文章链接: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c00117

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文章概要

引言

近红外光在夜视、无损检测和医疗诊断等领域具有举足轻重的地位,尤其是750至1100纳米这一波段,因其能被商用硅基光电二极管探测,对于光谱仪的小型化至关重要。虽然三价铬离子作为一种优秀的近红外发射体,在宽带近红外发光方面已得到广泛研究,但其窄带(R线)发射通常局限于690纳米附近的远红外区域,鲜有突破。长期以来,在氧化物基质中实现超过750纳米的窄带近红外发射被认为极其困难,因为这不仅受限于晶体场强度,更取决于材料的共价性。该研究旨在打破传统认知,通过对具有磁铅石结构的氧化物进行深入剖析,揭示一种全新的窄带近红外发光机制。

主要实验及结论

研究团队通过高温固相反应合成了SrM12O19 (M = Al, Ga) 系列磁铅石结构氧化物。在低浓度掺杂的样品中,实验观察到了除了常规的690纳米发射外,还存在一个位于767纳米处的强近红外窄带发射峰。通过精细的占位分析和电子顺磁共振实验,研究人员否定了前人将其归因于“铬离子对”耦合的假设,明确指出该异常发射源于占据M5格点的孤立Cr3+中心。这一发现具有颠覆性,因为它证明了在离子性占主导的氧化物中,通过局域结构的调控也能实现堪比硫化物或金属有机配合物的强共价性发光特征。

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Figure 1. Structural characterizations. (a) Crystal structure of the magnetoplumbite-type phase. (b–d) Rietveld refinements of the XRD data of the representative samples SA:0.12Cr3+, SAG:0.12Cr3+, and SG:0.12Cr3+; (e) XANES spectra; (f) _k_3-weighted EXAFS signals; (g) corresponding Fourier-transform EXAFS spectra; (h) EPR spectra.

深入的密度泛函理论计算揭示了这一现象背后的物理本质。研究发现,M5位点的键角(约100度) 显著大于M4位点(约90度),这种特殊的几何排布更有利于铬离子的3d轨道与氧离子的2p轨道发生杂化,从而显著增强了Cr-O键的共价性(即电子云扩展效应)。这种强共价性导致了2E能级的剧烈下移,使得发射波长大幅红移。此外,研究还发现邻近阳离子的诱导效应在调节发光性能中起到了关键作用:当用电负性更强的镓离子取代铝离子时,由于诱导效应削弱了局域共价性,反而导致了发射峰的蓝移。

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Figure 2. Spectral evidence of an additional isolated Cr3+ center. (a) PL spectra of lightly doped samples revealing two distinct Cr3+ centers, labeled Cr1 and Cr2. (b) PLE spectra of the Cr1 center. (c) PLE spectra monitoring Cr2 emission. (d) Comparison of the integrated PL intensities of Cr1 and Cr2 centers. (e, f) PL decay curves of Cr1 and Cr2. (g) Nephelauxetic ratio (β1) for Cr1 and Cr2. (hi) Modified Tanabe–Sugano energy-level diagrams for Cr1 and Cr2, displaying opposite shifts of their respective 2E energy levels. The red dashed and solid lines represent the narrowband emissions of SA:Cr3+ and SG:Cr3+, respectively, which are attributed to the 2E → 4A2 transition of Cr3+ ions. Δ_E_ is the energy difference between the 4T2 and 2E levels. All the above measurements were conducted at low temperature (77 K).

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Figure 3. DFT calculations of the electronic structures of SA. (a) HOMO–LUMO distributions for Cr3+ occupying M4 and M5 sites. (b) Bader charge analysis of Cr3+ ions and their adjacent O ions at the M4 and M5 sites. (c) COHP analysis of the Cr–O bonds at the M4 and M5 sites in the SA structure. (d–f) Typical bond angles of the central O anion associated with the M4 and M5 sites in magnetoplumbite oxides.

在浓度梯度实验中,研究人员进一步理清了高浓度下的发光增强机制。实验证明,随着铬离子浓度升高,Cr1中心向Cr2中心的高效能量传递是导致近红外发射强度提升的主因,而非此前认为的离子对形成。通过时间分辨光谱分析,团队观测到了明显的能量转移证据,这为设计高效率、高亮度的近红外荧光粉提供了理论支撑,证明了通过能级工程调控激发态过程的可行性。

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Figure 4. Concentration-dependent PL properties. (a–c) PL spectra for three representative compositions with varying Cr3+ concentrations under 430 nm excitation. (d–f) Corresponding PLE spectra monitoring Cr2 emission (800 nm). (g–i) Corresponding PL decay curves monitoring the Cr1 (≈690 nm, left) and Cr2 (800 nm, right) emissions. Except for SA:Cr3+, all the curves are superimposed by the fast component due to the 4T2 → 4A2 transition and the slow component due to the 2E → 4A2 transition. All the above measurements were conducted at RT.

总结及展望

该研究不仅清晰地阐明了磁铅石结构氧化物中异常窄带近红外发光的物理起源,还确立了键角作为调节三价铬离子激发态过程的关键结构参数。通过增强Cr-O键的共价性,研究人员成功在氧化物基质中实现了长寿命、窄带宽的近红外发光,这不仅完善了三价铬离子发光的物理模型,也为新型近红外光源、时间分辨探测和生物成像传感器的开发开辟了新途径。未来,这种基于结构化学视角的能级调控策略有望应用于更多过渡金属激活的荧光材料设计中。