【JACS】突破极限!新型水凝胶拉伸率超13000%,强度与韧性双丰收
文章标题: In Situ Photopolymerization of Hydrogels in Radical Covalent Organic Frameworks
通讯作者: Wei Zhai, Chaobin He, Dan Zhao

文章概要
在这篇发表于《美国化学会志》(JACS)的研究中,来自新加坡国立大学的研究团队开发了一系列大分子自由基共价有机框架(COFs),并将其作为下一代光引发剂用于水凝胶的合成。通过在COF孔道内进行原位聚合,研究人员成功制备出一种兼具超高抗拉强度(4.3 MPa)、惊人伸展性(断裂应变达13,382%)以及卓越韧性(262 MJ/m³)的新型类丙烯酰胺水凝胶。这种材料不仅解决了传统小分子引发剂易迁移和光稳定性差的弊端,还展现了极佳的抗疲劳性能,为柔性穿戴设备和智能机器人领域提供了理想的传感材料。

Figure 1. (a) The synthetic routes of NUS-83 to NUS-86 and related hydrogels with a proposed dual-initiation mechanism. HB: hydrogen bonds. (b) The schematic illustration depicts the in situ photopolymerization of hydrogels within the COF channels, highlighting the formation of radical cations, chemical crosslinking, and the framework’s physical confinement.
引言
水凝胶因其良好的生物相容性和可调的力学性能,在生物医学和工程领域应用广泛。尤其是光引发合成技术,凭借其优异的时空控制能力,在复杂几何形状的制造中极具优势。然而,传统的单网络丙烯酰胺水凝胶在面临高强度和高韧性需求时往往显得力不从心。这主要是因为目前主流的引发体系高度依赖小分子光引发剂,这些分子不仅具有一定的毒性,且极易从聚合物基质中迁移出来,导致环境污染并降低材料的长期稳定性。此外,氧阻聚效应也常常削弱交联效率,使得最终产物较为脆弱。为了攻克这些难题,研究团队转向了具有高度可调结构和功能性的共价有机框架(COFs),探索其作为大分子光引发剂在增强水凝胶力学性能方面的潜力。

Figure 2. (a) 13C solid-state NMR spectrum of NUS-86. (b) High-resolution XPS spectra of N 1s for NUS-86. (c) Pawley refinement against the experimental PXRD pattern of NUS-86. (d) N2 adsorption (filled) and desorption (open) profiles of NUS-86 measured at 77 K. Insert: Pore size distribution profiles calculated by the DFT model. (e) Solid-state UV spectrum of NUS-86. Insert: Kubelka–Munk-transformed reflectance spectrum of NUS-86. (f) Diagram of the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) energy levels of COFs. The VB energy levels were ascertained using the equation VB = CB + optical band gap. (g) Solid electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of NUS-86 measured under dark and UV irradiation at ambient conditions. (h) ESR signals of NUS-86 with DMPO in acetonitrile (MeCN) measured under dark and UV irradiation at ambient conditions. (i) ESR signals of NUS-86 with and without DMPO in H2O measured under dark and UV irradiation at ambient conditions.
主要实验及结论
研究团队利用水相声化学方法合成了四种具有不同官能团的腙键连接COFs(命名为NUS-83至NUS-86)。实验通过电子顺磁共振(ESR)光谱证实,这些COF在紫外光照射下能产生稳定的自由基阳离子和超氧自由基,从而引发单体聚合。其中,NUS-86由于含有甲氧基取代基,能够通过层间氢键加强内聚力,并利用共振效应稳定光生自由基,展现出最强的引发效率。分子动力学模拟进一步揭示,丙烯酰胺单体能迅速渗透进COF的纳米孔道中,这种物理纳米限域效应结合COF壁与水凝胶链之间的化学交联,构建了一个极其坚固且具有高度整合性的网络结构。

Figure 3. (a) Typical tensile stress–strain curves. (b) Loading–unloading curves in 1st, 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 100th cycles (from left to right) of the H/NUS-86 at a maximum strain of 1500% and H/2959 at a maximum strain of 500%. (c) Comparison of the mechanical properties of NUS-86 with those of representative AAm-based hydrogels reported in the literature. The inserted numbers denote the reference numbers. (d) Tensile strength, breaking strain, and fracture energy of H/2959, H/HCPK, and H/NUS-83 to H/NUS-86.
实验数据表明,使用NUS-86引发的水凝胶在性能上实现了质的飞跃。相比于传统商用引发剂制备的水凝胶,新材料的抗拉强度提升了约14倍,断裂应变提高了1个数量级,其262 MJ/m³的韧性值达到了丙烯酰胺基水凝胶的顶尖水平。更难能可贵的是,该水凝胶在高达1500%的应变下仍能保持近乎零的能量耗散和极低滞后,即使经历4000次循环拉伸后,其力学和电学信号依然保持稳定。基于这些特性,研究人员将其与氯化钠结合开发了柔性传感器,并进一步集成为智能手套。该系统能够精准捕捉人体手臂和手指的细微动作,通过实时信号转换,成功实现了对工业机器人手臂的远程精准控制,完成抓取、移动等复杂任务。

Figure 4. (a) Gauge factor by relative resistance changes against the tensile strain. (b) Relative resistance changes under prolonged cyclic stretching loading. Insert: The optical images of H/NUS-86/NaCl hydrogel under initial, 1st, 1000th, and 4000th stretching conditions. (c) Partial enlargement of the cyclic stretching loading. (d) Relative resistance changes of the hydrogel in response to different (top) finger angles and (bottom) wrist angles. (e) A wearable glove with hydrogel strain sensors for intelligent gesture recognition and human-machine interaction. (f) A sophisticated sensing device with sensors on the fingers, wrist, and elbow enables the control of a robotic arm to grasp the sample cube via simple hand gestures.
总结及展望
本研究成功论证了自由基COFs作为高效、稳定光引发剂的可行性,打破了传统水凝胶合成对小分子引发剂的依赖。通过巧妙利用COF的孔道限域作用与化学交联机制,研究人员解决了高性能水凝胶中“强”与“韧”难以兼得的矛盾。这一突破不仅为水凝胶的合成开辟了新一代光引发路径,也为开发高灵敏度、长寿命的人机交互界面和自动化控制系统奠定了坚实的材料基础。未来,这种基于大分子引发体系的策略有望扩展到更多功能聚合物材料的定制化开发中。