【Angew.Chem.】重庆大学藏志刚联合华南理工大学严克友|效率突破26.87%!NMePS分子“架桥”重建界面能级,助力大面积钙钛矿组件迈向工业化
通讯作者: Zhiyuan Xu, Keyou Yan, Zhigang Zang

文章概要
引言
在反式钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)的商业化进程中,钙钛矿/C60界面处的能量损失始终是限制器件效率和稳定性的关键瓶颈。这种能量损失主要源于钙钛矿表面缺陷导致的非辐射复合,以及由于接触不良引起的能级失配。目前的常规优化策略往往只关注单一功能层,难以从根本上解决C60电子传输层(ETL)在钙钛矿表面附着力弱、易团聚以及能级不匹配的问题。为了攻克这一难题,研究团队创新性地引入了硝甲基苯砜(NMePS) 分子作为界面改性层。该分子凭借独特的 “桥接效应”,不仅能够钝化钙钛矿表面的陷阱态,还能通过分子间的π-π相互作用显著增强C60的附着力,从而全面重建界面能效状态,大幅降低了器件的性能损耗。

Bridging effect of NMePS. XPS patterns of (a) Pb 4f for PbI2 and PbI2 + NMePS films, as well as (b) O 1s for NMePS and NMePS + PbI2 films. (c) Calculated interaction between NMePS and the perovskite surface. (d) Calculated formation energies of VPb, VI, PbI, and IPb defects on the perovskite surface. (e) FTIR spectrum of C60 and C60 + NMePS powder. 13C NMR of (f) C60 and C60 + NMePS, as well as (g) NMePS and NMePS + C60 in ODCB-_d_4 solution. (h) Calculated interaction between NMePS and C60. (i) The schematic diagram for the mechanism of NMePS at the perovskite/C60 interface.
主要实验及结论
研究团队首先通过X射线光电子能谱和DFT理论计算深入探讨了NMePS的作用机制。实验结果表明,NMePS分子中的硝基和砜基氧原子能够与钙钛矿晶格中的铅离子形成配位键,这种强相互作用不仅有效钝化了Pb和I相关的点缺陷,还增强了PbI6八面体结构的稳定性,显著释放了膜层的残余拉伸应力。更重要的是,分子另一端的苯环结构能够与后续沉积的C60产生强烈的π-π相互作用,这种桥接力量改变了C60的电子云分布,使其在钙钛矿表面分布更加均匀且堆积致密,从物理结构上杜绝了界面脱层和载流子累积现象。

NMePS mediated film morphology. Top-view SEM images of (a) PVK and (b) PVK/NMePS films. AFM images of (c) PVK and (d) PVK/NMePS films. Top-view SEM images of (e) PVK/C60 and (f) PVK/NMePS/C60 films. AFM images of (g) PVK/C60 and (h) PVK/NMePS/C60 films. (inset: height distribution along the horizontal midline). (i) Phase images and (j) phase distribution statistics of PVK/C60 and PVK/NMePS/C60 films. Charge density difference of (k) PVK/C60 and (l) PVK/NMePS/C60 models.

Photo-carrier dynamics. (a) PL and (b) TRPL spectra of PVK and PVK/NMePS films. (c) PL spectra and (d) computed differential lifetimes of PVK/C60 and PVK/NMePS/C60 films. KPFM images and corresponding CPD distributions of (e) PVK and (f) PVK/NMePS films, as well as (g) PVK/C60 and (h) PVK/NMePS/C60 films. Schematic diagrams of energy level analysis of (i) PVK/C60 and (j) PVK/NMePS/C60 based on UPS tests. (k) Conductivity and (l) electron mobility of C60 and NMePS/C60 films.
在电学表征方面,NMePS的引入使得钙钛矿表面呈现出更强的n型特征,这使得钙钛矿的导带底(CBM)与C60的最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)实现了更优的能级对齐。这种能级重建效应极大地促进了电子的快速提取,同时有效阻挡了空穴的回流。实验数据证实,改性后的器件在光致发光量子产率(PLQY) 和载流子寿命上均有显著提升,非辐射复合损失被压缩至极低水平。在性能表现上,采用NMePS改性的小面积器件(0.045 cm²)实现了高达26.87%的光电转换效率,而1.00 cm²的器件效率也达到了25.06%,显示出极高的填充因子。

Photovoltaic up-scaling and loss analysis. (a) Structural schematic diagram and the cross-sectional SEM image of the device. (b) J -V curves of devices with an active area of 0.045 cm2. (c) EQE spectra of devices. (d) Dependency of on light intensity. (e) Schematic of loss mechanisms. (f) Schematic of FF loss mechanisms. (g) J-V curves of devices with an active area of 1.00 cm2. (h) I-V curve of PSCs module with an active area of 655.2 cm2.
此外,该研究在大面积组件制备上也取得了突破性进展。通过狭缝涂布法制备的有效面积为655.2 cm²的太阳能组件,其效率达到了惊人的19.28%,这在目前已报道的大面积反式钙钛矿组件中处于领先地位。在稳定性测试中,得益于NMePS对湿气的阻隔作用及对晶体结构的保护,改性器件在氮气环境下储存2600小时后仍能保持91.4%的初始效率,在85°C热老化500小时及1200小时的最大功率点(MPPT)持续运行测试中均表现出卓越的耐受力,证明了该策略在提升器件长期服役寿命方面的巨大潜力。

Stability evaluation. (a) Photographs and (b) corresponding XRD patterns of perovskite films aged in ambient air conditions for 50 days (RH≈60%, T = 25°C). (c) Protocol ISOS-D-1I: long-term stability of devices in nitrogen atmosphere for 2600 h (T = 30°C). (d) Protocol ISOS-D-2I: thermal stability of devices in nitrogen atmosphere for 500 h (T = 85°C). (e) Protocol ISOS-L-1I: MPPT operation of devices in a nitrogen atmosphere for 1200 h (T = 30°C).
总结及展望
本研究成功证明了通过引入具备双向作用力的NMePS分子,可以实现钙钛矿/电子传输层界面的物理接触优化与化学能级重建。这种界面桥接工程不仅解决了钙钛矿薄膜本身的表面缺陷问题,更攻克了C60传输层在工业化大面积制备中易团聚、接触差的痼疾。实验取得的高效率与高稳定性数据充分表明,这种分子改性策略具有极佳的通用性和可扩展性,为未来高效、稳定的反式钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化生产提供了一条极具参考价值的技术路径。随着大面积组件效率纪录的不断刷新,这一技术有望加速钙钛矿光伏从实验室走向大规模应用的进程。