【JACS】超越1500nm:非共价构象锁助力不对称荧光分子突破近红外IIb成像极限
文章标题: Asymmetric Xanthene with Noncovalent Conformation Locks to Attain High Fluorescence >1500 nm
通讯作者: Chao-Ping Hsu, Yang-Hsiang Chan

文章概要
在这篇发表于《美国化学会志》(JACS)的研究中,台湾国立阳明交通大学的詹扬翔教授团队联合中央研究院化学研究所许昭萍针对有机荧光团在近红外IIb窗口(1500-1700 nm) 发射效率极低的难题,提出了一种创新的不对称分子设计策略。研究人员通过将具有高吸收能力的平面ACQ单元与能够抑制猝灭的扭曲AIE转子集成在单一分子骨架中,并结合聚合物非共价构象锁(NoCLs) 技术,成功研发出目前已知发射波长最长且亮度最高的不对称有机近红外IIb荧光探针。这一突破为实现高对比度、深层组织的体内血管影像监测提供了强有力的工具。

Scheme 1. Emission Wavelengths and Quantum Yields of the Existing Asymmetric AIEgens with Emission <1200 nm and the Asymmetric AIEgens in This Work with Emission >1300 nm, Measured in Solid State or H2O (e.g., Pdots Assembled with Polymer Matrix)a
引言
近红外二区荧光影像由于具有更深的组织穿透力和更低的背景自荧光干扰,已成为生物医学影像的前沿领域。其中,NIR-IIb(1500-1700 nm) 子窗口被公认为实现深层组织高分辨率影像的最佳区间。然而,现有的NIR-IIb荧光材料多为金属基纳米颗粒,存在潜在的生物毒性风险。相比之下,有机荧光分子虽然生物兼容性好,但在长波段下却面临着发光效率与波长的相互权衡(trade-off)难题。传统的对称性分子设计往往只能在亮度或波长之间二选一。为了打破这一僵局,团队尝试通过构建不对称的给体-受体-给体(D-A-D)结构,并引入外部构象限制机制,来同步提升分子的光学表现。

Scheme 2. Representation of the Asymmetric Design Strategy
主要实验及结论
研究人员首先设计了一系列以氧或硅原子取代的氧杂蒽(Xanthene) 为受体核心的新型分子,并巧妙地连接了柔性三苯胺衍生物(T单元)和刚性的朱罗尼定衍生物(J或BJ单元)。实验发现,这种不对称结构能够让分子在聚集状态下同时保留AIE(聚集诱导发光)和抗ACQ(聚集引起猝灭) 的特性。在合成路径上,团队利用钯催化的Heck反应分步精准构建了这些不对称分子。特别值得注意的是,当使用硅原子取代核心(Si-Xanthene)时,由于硅原子的σ*-π*共轭效应降低了分子的LUMO能级,使得分子的发射光谱大幅红移至1500 nm以上。

Scheme 3. Reaction Scheme for the Synthetic Routes for Symmetric and Asymmetric Xanthenes Synthesized in This Study

Figure 1. (A) Chemical structures of symmetric and asymmetric NIR-II xanthenes synthesized in this work. (B) Their corresponding absorption/emission wavelengths and relative ϕ measured in CH2Cl2 without polymer (Reference, IR-1061; ϕ = 0.59% in CH2Cl2).

Figure 2. (A) Molecular orbital energy diagram of oxygen and silicon substituted xanthenes T-X-T, J-X-J, BJ-Si-BJ, T-X-BJ, T-X-J, T-Si-T, BJ-Si-BJ, and T-Si-BJ, calculated at the HF (CPCM, CH2Cl2)/DZV level. (B) Isocontour surfaces for HOMO and LUMO of T-X-T, T-X-BJ, BJ-X-BJ, T-Si-T, T-Si-BJ, and BJ-Si-BJ at the HF (CPCM, CH2Cl2)/DZV level.
为了进一步锁定分子的发光构象,研究团队开发了一种富含杂原子的共聚物基质Pttc-TTQ。通过理论计算和二维核磁共振(ROESY)实验证明,聚合物中的TTQ单元能与染料分子的T单元之间形成牢固的C-H···π和C-H···O非共价键相互作用。这种“构象锁”效应能有效抑制T单元在激发态下的低频转动,显著降低了非辐射跃迁带来的能量损耗。在纳米颗粒(Pdots)状态下,不对称染料T-Si-BJ表现出了极其卓越的光学性能,其在水溶液中的亮度达到14.1 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹,且发射尾带延伸至NIR-IIb区域,彻底解决了传统染料“长波长即低效率”的痛点。

Figure 3. Theoretical and experimental calculations to evaluate the aggregation behaviors of (A) T-X-T, (B) J-X-J, (C**) BJ-X-BJ**, (D**) T-X-J**, and (E) T-X-BJ dyes. The left column depicts the dihedral angles of the optimized geometry at the ground state (S0) of symmetric and asymmetric O-xanthenes and shows the optimized structures, Zero-point energy corrections, and BSSE-corrected binding energy of low-energy Xanthene dimers at the M06-2_X_/6-31+G*//B3LYP-D3/6-31G* level. Brown, light blue, red, and white represent carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms, respectively. The blue dashed line represents the C–H···π force. The right column describes fluorescence variation with % toluene (v/v) in DMSO/toluene mixture (standard deviation n = 3).

Figure 4. (A) Chemical structures of polymers used for PI-NoCL interactions with T-X-T, T-X-J, T-X-BJ, and J-X-J. (B-E) Change of fluorescence intensity with the increase in toluene fraction in DMSO for T-X-T, T-X-J, T-X-BJ, and J-X-J with and without polymer interaction. (F) Optimized structures and BSSE-corrected binding energy of low-energy Xanthene·TTQ complexes at the M06-2_X_/6-31G*(0 K)/6-31G* level. (G) Illustration of partial structures of low-energy Xanthene·TTQ complexes. Brown, light blue, red, yellow, and white are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and hydrogen atoms, respectively. The values in the G are the distances of two C–H(of T)···O(TTQ) and C–H(TTQ)···π(of T) with units in Å.
在体内应用实验中,团队将T-Si-BJ纳米颗粒注射入小鼠模型。得益于其在1500 nm窗口极高的信噪比,研究人员实现了高对比度的全身体循环血管影像。实验结果显示,通过使用1500 nm长通滤光片,可以观察到极深层且清晰的血管网络。研究团队还引入了基于扩散模型的AI增强算法对原始影像进行去噪和对比度提升,成功获取了亚毫米级分辨率的小鼠后肢微血管图谱,证明了该探针在精准医疗影像诊断中的巨大潜力。

Figure 5. (A) Schematic of preparation of polymer dots (Pdots) by the miniemulsion method. (B) Absorption and emission profiles of symmetric and asymmetric T-X-T, T-X-BJ, and BJ-X-BJ as Pdots in aqueous medium. (C) Absorption and emission profiles of T-Si-T, T-Si-BJ, and BJ-Si-BJ as Pdots in aqueous medium.

Figure 6. Comparison of (A) T-X-T, BJ-X-BJ, T-X-BJ, T-Si-T, BJ-Si-BJ, and T-Si-BJ Pdots assembled with Pttc-TTQ/mPEG-DSPE in water at the same concentration of 5 mg/mL under irradiation of a 1064 nm laser (100 mW cm–2) with different LPFs. (B) Mean fluorescence intensities of T-X-T, BJ-X-BJ, T-X-BJ, T-Si-T, BJ-Si-BJ, and T-Si-BJ Pdots in (A). (C-E) Whole-body fluorescence imaging of vascular structures in mice at the supine position injected by T-Si-BJ Pdots with 1300, 1400, and 1500 nm LPFs, respectively (upper panels) and their corresponding cross-sectional intensities along the red lines (bottom panel). (F–H) AI-enhanced NIR-II images based on the original images in (C-E) and their corresponding cross-sectional intensities along the red lines in (F–H) at various LPFs (bottom panel). The scale bars are 5 mm. Note that the images were obtained from the same mouse under identical acquisition settings and comparable time points, except for the use of different long-pass filters.
总结及展望
这项研究通过不对称分子工程与聚合物构象控制的有机结合,开辟了设计高性能有机NIR-IIb荧光材料的新路径。研究证明了不对称D-A-D结构在平衡分子吸收截面与量子产率方面的独到优势,而非共价构象锁概念的引入,则为调节有机纳米材料在凝聚态下的光物理行为提供了普适性的策略。展望未来,这种设计思路有望拓展至更长波长的NIR-III窗口,助力科学家在无需电离辐射的情况下,实现对活体生物更深、更清晰的“透明化”观察,推动光学影像技术在临床转化中的深度应用。