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【Angew.Chem.】吉林大学魏浩桐、方千荣|灵敏度达11,784 µC·Gy⁻¹·cm⁻²:首个金属共价有机框架X射线探测器问世

文章标题: High Resistivity and Low Defect Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Stable and Low Dose X-Ray Detection

通讯作者: Haotong Wei, Qianrong Fang

文章链接: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.4087507

文章概要

本研究由吉林大学魏浩桐教授和方千荣教授团队合作完成,发表于国际顶尖化学期刊《Angewandte Chemie》。该工作首次展示了基于金属共价有机框架(COF) 材料的直接X射线探测器,有效解决了传统半导体探测器在电场下容易产生离子迁移、暗电流漂移以及材料含毒性元素等痛点。研究人员通过在卟啉中心的COF网络中引入金属离子(铜、钴),并结合碳纳米管(CNTs)构建高效电荷传输路径,开发出了具有超高灵敏度、极低探测下限及卓越稳定性的环保型X射线探测设备。

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引言

直接X射线探测技术在医疗成像、工业探伤和科学研究中具有核心地位,其原理是将高能光子直接转换为电荷载流子。然而,目前主流的非晶硒(α-Se)和硅材料面临对硬X射线吸收率低的问题,而新兴的钙钛矿材料虽然性能优异,却因其软晶格结构在强电场下极易发生离子迁移,导致严重的噪声和性能衰减。此外,含铅、含镉材料的毒性也违背了可持续发展的理念。为了寻找一种既稳定又高效的材料,研究团队将目光投向了共价有机框架(COFs)。这种材料由强共价键连接,具有高度可设计的孔道结构和优异的稳定性,但由于缺乏高原子序数元素,此前在X射线探测领域的应用尚属空白。

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(a) Molecular structure model of COF366-M (M = Co, Cu). (b) Photographs of COF366-Cu powder and COF366-Cu wafer, respectively. (c) Schematic illustration of locked metal ions by the strong covalent bonds in COF366-M. (d) Scheme to illustrate the CNTs’ functions to promote electron-hole separation and transport. (e) Arrhenius plot of ionic conductivity. (f) Comparison of the ion activation energy of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co among different materials.

主要实验及结论

研究团队成功合成了两种含有金属中心且高度结晶的2D COF材料:COF366-Cu和COF366-Co。通过溶剂热法,金属离子(铜或钴)被牢牢锁定在卟啉单元中,形成了稳固的配位结构。实验表征显示,这种材料具有极高的比表面积和高度有序的纳米通道。更重要的是,通过Arrhenius曲线测得其离子迁移激活能高达1.05 eV,远超大多数已知探测材料。这意味着在工作电场下,材料内部的金属离子被“电锁定”,几乎不发生迁移,从而实现了极低的暗电流漂移(仅为10⁻¹⁸ A·cm⁻¹·V⁻¹·s⁻¹级别)。

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(a) Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of COF366-Cu, monomer TPA, and Cu-TAPP. (b) Experimental and simulated X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co. (c) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of COF366-Cu. (d) The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of COF366-Cu powder, the scale bar is 200 nm. (e) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectrum of COF366-Cu. (f) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co.

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(a) UV–vis absorption spectrum and Tauc plot of COF366-Cu. (b) First-principles density of states of COF366-Cu calculated using DFT. (c) Valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB-XPS) of COF366-Cu. (d) Electronic band structure diagram of COF366-Cu. (e) Dark current drift measurement of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co. (f) Current density-electric field (J-E) relationship of COF366-Cu. (g) Space-charge-limited current (SCLC) curve and trap density calculation for COF366-Cu and COF366-Co. (h) Performance map of resistivity versus trap density for various materials.

为了克服COF材料载流子提取效率的短板,研究者在体系中引入了碳纳米管(CNTs)。这一设计巧妙地构建了空间分离的传输路径:光生电子通过碳纳米管快速传输,而空穴则主要沿着COF的共价骨架移动。这种策略极大地减少了载流子的非辐射复合。在性能评估中,COF366-Cu器件在500 V/mm的电场下表现出了惊人的11,784 µC·Gy⁻¹·cm⁻²的灵敏度,远超商业化的α-Se探测器。同时,该器件的探测下限(LoD)低至39 nGy/s,并能承受高达148 Gy的累计辐射剂量而无性能衰减。此外,团队利用该探测器成功实现了对包裹在遮光胶带内的玻璃瓶中螺栓的X射线成像,证明了其优异的成像分辨率。

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(a) Schematic structure and photograph of the COF366-based x-ray detector. (b) X-ray mass attenuation coefficient and shielding efficiency of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co. (c) Charge carrier mobility-lifetime (μτ) product and μτ-electric field intensity product (μτE) of COF366-Cu and COF366-Co device. (d) For COF366-Cu, x-ray-induced photocurrent density versus dose rate at various electric fields. (e) For COF366-Co, x-ray-induced photocurrent density versus dose rate at various electric fields. (f) Device sensitivity as a function of applied electric field. (g) NED of the COF366-Cu device. (h) LoD of the COF366-Cu and COF366-Co devices. (i) Stability testing of COF366-Cu based devices. (j) X-ray imaging demonstration with the COF366-Cu-based device.

总结及展望

这项工作不仅是COF材料在直接X射线探测领域的首次应用,更为设计高性能、高稳定性及环境友好型辐射传感器提供了一个分子水平的新范式。通过精细调节金属配位中心与有机骨架的相互作用,研究团队成功打破了材料高电阻率与低缺陷密度之间的性能折中。由于COF材料具有高度的可定制性,未来有望通过引入更高原子序数的金属元素进一步增强探测能力。这一成果预示着新一代低剂量、高分辨率绿色成像技术的巨大应用潜力,为推动可持续电子设备的发展开辟了新道路。